INTRODUCTION
Indonesia's national defense system is
universal by involving all citizens, territories and other national resources.
Therefore, the universal defense system is prepared early by the government and
is carried out in a total, integrated, directed and continuous manner to uphold
state sovereignty, territorial integrity and the safety of the entire nation
from all threats (Pariyatman et al., 2023).
Integrity refers to the power elements built
into the universal defense system, which combines military defense forces and
non-military defense forces (Rahman et al., 2021). The concept of universal defense
which always involves all the capabilities possessed by this nation should be
data, processed and used as well as possible to support total war.
In Law No.29 / 1954 "for the first
time" states that total war is a universal people's war. In the book Lt.
Gen. JS.Prabowo is shortened to "total war" (Prabowo, 2009). According to Prabowo, the future
Total War is also uncertain, it can be literally equated with guerrilla warfare
and and is not entirely the same as the independence war of the Republic of
Indonesia (1945-1950).
Total war is by no means something simple, and
can be described in simple terms. Any notion of Total War that uses military
means to resolve conflicts as far as possible should be avoided. According to
Sun Tzu: "Why are we busy debating whether the enemy will attack or not,
we better be prepared to welcome him".
In the grouping of war generations, in this
era, fourth generation warfare (4GW) has entered, which is an asymmetrical and
non-linear warfare that uses all facilities and infrastructure and weapon
systems aimed primarily at destroying the enemy's 'will' to fight. In
asymmetric and non-linear warfare, non-military defense forces are part of the
warfare. One of the threats to non-filter defense forces is ICT (information
and communication technology).
The development of ICT, especially in the
cyber realm, has been developing so fast until now and seems unstoppable,
especially since the use of ICT has entered all aspects of community life such
as: ideology, politics, economy, social, culture, law, education, defense and
security. The need for ICT is absolute at this time, both at home, office,
industry, business and anywhere will not be separated from ICT.
Its activities in the form of communication,
interaction and movement through social media are already very massive, so they
are very important and become a concern in every country. The development of
ICT, if linked in industry, has entered a stage commonly called the industrial
revolution 4.0 This has created an increasingly complex form of threat, so that
the enemy's way of acting will be more varied and accurate This can also be a
threat to Indonesia's non-military defense (Siahaan & Risman, 2021). In the 4.0 industrial revolution, the
problem of non-military threats has caught the attention of various groups both
abroad as well as inside domestically. As a result of the Industrial Revolution
4.0, a new threat emerged, namely cyber threats. This cyber threat is very
serious, because it does not use a lot of troops to carry out attacks but the
impact is very large to destroy a target and its recovery takes a very long
time.
ICT is increasingly sophisticated and modern,
this affects the tactics used by people who are classified as wanting to commit
cybercrime. The current condition of cybercrime has hit Indonesia, they attack
banks, power plants, e-commerce business centers (Bukalapak, Tokopedia),
e-style, transportation, hospitals, regional elections and even in the defense
and security sector. This proves that cyber attacks are very serious and very
dangerous to our national critical information infrastructure (IIKN).
Based on information from The Global cyber
security 2017 released by the UN International Telecommunication Union (ITU),
Indonesia is one of the countries with the weakest cyber security (Union, 2017). The situation experienced by
Indonesia is not much different from countries in South America such as Brazil
and also countries in Africa which are vulnerable to cyber attacks. This weak
cybersecurity has resulted in an increase in cyber attacks. Indonesia is ranked
70th out of 195 countries, with a suspension of 0.424. Singapore ranks first,
followed by the United States in second place with the best cybersecurity
system (Goode et al., 2023).
According to Sigit Kurniawan, the head of the
sub-directorate for vulnerability identification and risk assessment of the
national critical information infrastructure III of the National Cyber and
Crypto Agency (BSSN) that "according to the data in the assessment of 76
countries, in the 2019 assessment Indonesia was ranked second worst after
Algeria, but soon improved in 2020, at number 21 (Achi, 2023).
By looking at this situation, in order to
protect Indonesia's sovereign territory, especially in the cyber realm, it
requires the involvement of all existing resources in maintaining the country's
sovereignty which is carried out through the defense and security system of the
people of all (sishankamrata), which places the TNI as the main force and the
people as a reserve and supporting component, where every citizen has the
obligation to participate in national defense efforts in accordance with the
contents of the 1945 Constitution article 30 paragraphs 1 and 2.
The involvement of citizens in facing Total
War is a responsibility that needs to be shared together so that the problems
faced can be prevented as early as possible. Since the development of
technology, all activities in society always use technology such as the
availability of tools or other supporting things, such as computers, internet
connections, gadgets, providers, and others (Mineraud et al., 2016). This community of ICT users is what
is commonly called the cyber community. Initially, the cyber community was
small and developed using a spider web pattern, thus forming a large society.
Cyber community involves all people who use gadgets, computers and networks.
When doing virtual work, they never meet face
to face and do not have territorial boundaries, they interact by using the
technology and internet networks they have. The existence of the cyber
community in communicating is very important to research. The author sees that
there are many cyber communities in Indonesia, often gathering to exchange
information, but they are closed and do not want to be known by people or are
often called underground / anonymous. Their existence plays a very important
role in cyberspace (virtual).
The cyber community has reliable capabilities
to prevent destruction from cyberattacks. The cyber community is a part of
society that is currently untouched and is a priority for the state to be
involved in national defense efforts. The cyber community needs to take part in
protecting IIKN, which is an asset of the nation. Regarding the formation of a
cyber community to date is still being debated, some circles still see the
cyber community in a real form in a regional bond, although not everyone who is
in the same environment can be said to be a community, it can be said to be a
community if members of the existing members in it have the same experience and
a sense of being a community "sense of community" (Mankowski & Rappaport, 2014).
A strategy is needed so that the empowerment
of the cyber community is considered as an activity in preventing and securing
telematics resources so that crime does not occur in the cyber world. It should
be noted that defending the state in facing Total War is not only a legal
obligation, but also a right and honor as a citizen. Strategies in researching
cyber community empowerment are needed so that the empowerment of cyber
communities in the midst of technological developments can be appropriately
involved in supporting Total War, This is in accordance with Law Number 20 of 1982
concerning Basic Provisions for the Defense and Security of the Republic of
Indonesia, articles 17 to article 25 (Wahyuningsih et al., 2020).
The condition of the cyber community is still
busy with their own world, they are only concerned with their own individual or
group. Sometimes there are cyber communities who carry out illegal activities,
this happens because of the absence of clear control and guidance from the
government. The condition of character and spirit to help the state is a right
and obligation for every cyber community which is carried out through state defense
efforts to uphold the country's sovereignty, maintain the territorial integrity
of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, and the safety of the entire
nation. Cyber community empowerment is carried out on the basis of awareness
and belief in one's own strength which is grown and developed through efforts
to defend the country.
The existence of this extraordinary cyber
community is so that it can be more useful for the country in facing Total War.
Therefore, in this paper, the author intends to explain how the empowerment of
cyber communities can be carried out by the Indonesian government in the
perspective of Total Warfare so that the cyber community can take part as a
supporting component that will assist the government in maintaining state
sovereignty in the field of defense with its ICT capabilities.
In the book Art of War, Sun Tzu (403-221) says
"The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting."
This means that "War is an art, conquering the enemy without fighting is
the highest art of war.� From this opinion, it is very relevant to current
cyber activities, where in destroying the enemy, it is hidden, it is not
necessary to bring a large army, it is enough to use the capabilities and skills possessed, but the
impact of the damage is very large and can even collapse a country and to
recover it takes a long time.
According to Thomas Rid & Peter McBurney,
who defines as follows: "Cyberspace is a part of weapons designed to
threaten or endanger the physical, functional or mental structure or systems or
living systems.� (Netolick� & Mare�, 2018). This theory is very relevant because
cyber attacks have a very large impact on information and culture prevailing in
society today such as the 'Arab Spring', where the collapse of a country due to
cyber attacks through hoaxes, FOF, and Post Truth which is very reliable,
shaping public opinion so that it occurs. polarization in society which results
in the disintegration of the nation, chaos and the state collapsing.
Cyber attacks against physical and logical
targets are no less intense, such as what happened in Estonia in May 2007,
Ukraine in December 2017, because it happened in winter, blackouts and
malfunctioning heating devices caused casualties. From this incident, it is
very possible that it could happen in Indonesia. Therefore, the empowerment of
the cyber community in this country is highly anticipated to be able to help
the government solve problems in the cyber world.
As it is known that the word
"empowerment" is a translation from English "Empowerment",
empowerment comes from the root word "power" which means the power to
do, achieve, do or make it possible. The prefix "em" for empowerment
can mean strength in humans, a source of creativity. Empowerment emphasizes
that people acquire sufficient skills, knowledge and power to influence their
lives and the lives of others they care about. According to 'person',
empowerment is a process by which a person is strong enough to participate in
controlling and influencing events and institutions that affect his life.
If it is associated with the cyber community,
it means that an activity is carried out by the cyber community to show its
capabilities in carrying out activities that can affect his life in a better
way and benefit others. In Law Number 23 of 2019 concerning Management of
National Resources for State Defense (PSDN), it can be used as a basis for
recruiting the cyber community to be educated to become countrymen. According
to Lt. General JS TNI. Prabowo said that the present and future Total War
should not be carried out by mobilizing the population "all out" to
be played as combatants in combat.
In Law no. 3 of 2002 concerning State Defense,
national defense is all efforts to defend the sovereignty of the state, the
territorial integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, and
the safety of the entire nation from threats and disturbances to the integrity
of the nation and state. The Indonesian state defense system is a universal
defense system, which involves all citizens, territories and other national
resources, and is prepared early by the government and is carried out in a
total, integrated, directed, and continuous manner to uphold state sovereignty,
territorial integrity and the safety of the entire nation from all threats.
In the 2015 Indonesian defense white paper
p.22, it is stated that current and future threats can be classified into three
types, namely military threats, both armed and unarmed, non-military threats,
and hybrid threats. Sources of threats can come from within and outside the country,
and be carried out by state and non-state actors, which are national, regional
and international in nature. Cyber threats are non-military threats that can
come from within and outside the country and can be categorized as real threats
both now and in the future (Bachmann, 2015).
METHOD
This research is a
type of research by collecting data and information through the help of various
materials found in literature (books) or also known as phenomological research.
This type of research is a study aimed at describing the phenomenon of society
that uses online, events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions,
thoughts of people individually or in groups. To describe the phenomenon of
cyber community empowerment in depth, Then the research uses literature study
associated with qualitative descriptive fenomonologis. With literature study,
empirical findings can be described in detail, more clearly and more accurately,
especially various matters relating to the cyber community. For this reason,
through this paper, it is hoped that literature studies can help research in
thinking and imagining, abstractly.
Phenomenological
research can be started by observing and examining the focus of the phenomenon
to be studied, which looks at various subjective aspects of object behavior.
Then, the researcher conducted data mining in the form of how the object
interpreted in giving meaning to the related phenomenon. This data mining is
carried out by collecting secondary data from the literature that has been
read, this information will be carried out in literature research that refers
to Hammersley & Atkinson (2019) who studied the data obtained for the
development of concepts related to social conflict in social media (Triantoro, 2019).
The focus in this
research is on cyber community empowerment in the perspective of Total Warfare,
the goal is to prepare the cyber community to face Total War. In order to
explore this focus, this research will use qualitative methods. Qualitative
research was chosen because the observed phenomenon needed observation through
literature study, because it was easier to deal with reality, so that in-depth
secondary data was obtained. This qualitative research is used with the aim of
exploring the peculiarities of a person or group's experience whose data is
taken from a literature study when experiencing a phenomenon so that the
phenomenon can be opened and selected to achieve an existing understanding.As
previously stated, the strategy used in this qualitative research is
phenomenology. According to Creswell, phenomenology was chosen because in it
the researcher will identify a certain phenomenon, and requires researchers to
study the subject by being directly involved in developing meaningful patterns
and relationships.
In the context of the
research that will be studied, the main focus in this research is to carry out
data searches through literature studies on cyber communities because in
general they are closed, all activities are carried out in cyberspace (virtual)
and very little face-to-face. The author will explore the activities carried
out by the cyber community at this time, their social status both work and
educational background, as well as the spirit of the cyber community in
protecting IIKN from cyber attacks in order to realize national defense which I
will associate with the Total War strategy. Meanwhile, the research location is
the place where the research will be carried out.
Determining the
research location is a very important stage in qualitative research, making it
easier for writers to conduct research. This location can be in a certain area
or a certain institution in society. To obtain secondary data, the research
location is based on data obtained through books, journals and other electronic
media.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
Research Result
It should be noted
that based on data obtained in 2019, there are 56% or 150 million internet
users in Indonesia, all without cybersecurity where the risks to be faced will
be very large, because of the many security threats (Sutrisna et al., 2019). In avoiding attempts to steal
personal data about online transactions through cyber threats, the cyber
community can be relied on to be at the forefront (Ghelani et al., 2022). The cyber community in their daily
activities when interacting always uses gadgets, computers and networks, so the
cyber community is a new study which is currently the center of attention for
ICT users. This virtual world becomes a new reality, which has become the
second community world after the real world itself.
����������� Based
on the results of research on the existence of the cyber community, this cyber
community is divided into two groups, the first is the millennial group or
young people, whose education starts from elementary school, junior high
school, high school and college. Millennial interest in cyberspace (cyberspace)
is getting higher because it is supported by various types of chat applications
on social media such as WhatsApp, BlackBerry Messenger (BBM), Facebook.
Currently on social media there is one feature that is most in demand by
millennials, this feature is the WhatsApp group. Whatsapp groups are the prima
donna among teenagers in social interaction with peers.
Millennials use
whatsapp groups, to be able to meet and gather to exchange ideas, greet/ground
coffee, share information and even joke together. Second, other cyber community
groups come from both working and non-working adults. Millennial and adult
groups have different knowledge of the cyber world, some are just interacting
to carry out communication among gadget users, issuing all aspirations both in
assessing, responding to or criticizing information provided by other members (Sadler, 2014).
Some are used to carry
out business activities so that they can make profits, some are even used to
support work in the office or to support their reputation, even if there are
those who use this technology to commit crimes, such as anonymous groups. Anonymous
tends to be closed and does not want to be identified with his identity. They
are hacker activists formed in 2003. Their trademark is the Guy Fawkes mask or
commonly known as V for Vendetta. Activists like this have been widely spread
in Indonesia.
In everyday life, most
people in expressing opinions are usually reluctant to express them directly
because they feel cared for by those around them or in short they have a mental
burden, whereas through the cyber community someone is more free to give their
opinion because it is not seen directly by other members.
Sometimes members of
the cyber community can share experiences and enjoy content provided on cyber
media. If the community in the real world requires face-to-face meetings to
establish communication, however, in the cyber community, face-to-face meetings
are not required, they even tend to close themselves and do not know each
other. The existence of formal and non-formal cyber communities, where formal
ones have representative offices or places of interaction such as the Ministry
of Defense cyber community, BSSN cyber, National Police cyber community, cyber
military community at universities, TNI cyber, cyber Angkatan, cyber in other
institutions and and cyber in private agencies that have an interest in the ICT
sector.
Usually this formal
cyber community facility is very complete, because they generally have a duty
as a cyber defense which aims to protect and protect data on computers from
cyber attacks, while non-formal cyber community is where they are, can be at
home, in a cafe, in a park. etc. They have no purpose to protect important
data, they only need gadgets, computers and an internet network connection to
carry out the interaction.
The ability of the
formal cyber community is mostly obtained from education and courses,
especially regarding ICT science, while the non-formal ones are mostly obtained
from independent learning, through available applications such as Youtube,
Google is then applied in the field. They do not have special duties like the
formal cyber community, they are mostly anonymous, as we have previously
explained. Anonymous is usually active according to their respective wishes.
Anonymous is usually against scientology, homophobia and corruption.
Whereas in the
beginning, this cyber community group was created for the purpose of joking,
greeting each other and exchanging ideas. Today's scattered anonymous are only
small groups and not an organization, but are more likely to be groups of
people who have the same interests. They always fight for the right to internet
freedom besides that they also have various missions, one of which is against
the existence of censorship in the internet world and also the supervision of
the internet world by the government.
Anonymous in action
will supervise the government by taking action, launching protests by storming
government websites. Another ability that Anonymous has is as a hacker or in Indonesia
it is called peretas (Nasyiah, 2021). Hackers are people who are very
interested in studying, analyzing, modifying, breaking into computers and
computer networks, either for profit or motivated by challenges. Hackers or
hackers are a desire to know in depth about the work of a system, computer or
computer network, so that they become an expert in the field of mastery of
systems, computers or computer networks.
Hackers are people who
are very interested in studying, analyzing, modifying, breaking into computers
and computer networks, either for profit or motivated by challenges. Hackers or
hackers are a desire to know in depth about the work of a system, computer or
computer network, so that they become an expert in the field of mastery of
systems, computers or computer networks.
It is known that the
activities carried out by hackers and crackers have certain plans so as to
produce the results they want, therefore based on the data obtained, it is
clear that the nature of the hackers themselves are still willing to share
knowledge, notifying system administrators of vulnerabilities in security which
is seen, does not take unfair advantages from hacks, does not distribute and
collect pirated software and never takes stupid risks while the nature of a
cracker is that it is able to make a program for its own benefit and is
destructive or destructive and makes it an advantage. example: sending viruses,
theft of credit cards, burglary bank accounts, theft of E-mail / Web Server
passwords and so on.
Crackers can stand
alone or in groups in action, have a website or channel in IRC that is hidden,
only certain people can access it, Internet Relay Chat or IRC is a form of
communication on the Internet that was created for interpersonal communication,
especially group communication in a discussion area. is called a channel
(channel), but can also be for private line communication (Moedjahedy, 2016). Crackers also have IP addresses that
cannot be traced, the most frequent cases are Carding, namely credit card
theft, then breaching the site and turning everything in to a mess. In the
world of e-commerce, hackers help many companies to find vulnerabilities in
their applications.
From the explanation
above about hackers and crackers, it is known that Hackers are people who know
what they are doing, are aware of all the consequences of what they are doing,
and are responsible for what they are doing. While Cracker is a person who
knows what he is doing, but often does not realize the consequences of his
actions, and he does not want to be responsible for what he has known and done (Fadjar, 2014).
Discussion
Indonesia, is a
country with the fourth largest growth in internet users in the world, so this
is an opportunity and at the same time can be a big threat with the development
of digital technology and the internet, there is even a consulting company,
McKinsey, who argues that Indonesia can increase its economic growth to US $
150 billion, or equivalent to 10% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), by 2025 if
digital technology can be embraced (Das et al., 2018). From these benefits, there will be
other challenges that will be faced with technological developments, namely in
the form of cyber threats.
In facing cyber
threats to the national critical information infrastructure (IIKN) owned by
this nation, the cyber community is expected to be a reliable tool for the
state to participate in maintaining the IIKN that the Indonesian nation
currently has, such as the law enforcement sector, the energy sector and
mineral resources (including in it electricity), the transportation sector, the
financial and banking sector, the health sector, the information and
communication technology sector, the agricultural sector, the defense sector
and strategic industries as well as the emergency services sector and the water
resources sector. According to the National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN), the
10 IIKNs above are considered to be the most vulnerable sectors to cyber
attacks in the future so BSSN needs to map the IIKNs that need to be protected.
a. The Essence of Cyber Community Empowerment
The
blackout incident that had been experienced by Jakarta, Banten, West Java and
its surroundings on Sunday (4 August 2019) again reminded Indonesians of the
importance of cybersecurity in the digital era. Electricity is one of the
primary needs in the ICT era which is all computerized to facilitate human life
(Liu et al., 2021).
The
protection of IIKN should have begun to be given more serious attention by the
Government, especially since the condition of this country has just been
tidying up and started to build all the infrastructure that has been outlined
in the nine priority agendas or Nawacita by President Jokowi. All of which need
to be protected from cyber attacks. According to the theory of empowerment,
involving the cyber community to take part in protecting this country from
cyber attacks is something that must be done because this cyber community has
power within each of them and this is a source of creativity. According to the
empowerment theory, by empowering the cyber community, they will gain
sufficient skills, knowledge and power to influence their lives and the lives
of others they care about.
The
cyber community must feel that it belongs to this country, because the founders
of this nation have struggled to gain freedom from the shackles of the
colonialists for a very long time. The cyber community is expected to have the
awareness to protect and build this nation according to its talents, don't
think about destroying this nation with its capabilities and intelligence.
At
present, as previously explained, the development of ICT has been so fast, that
cyber threats to IIKN will run in a balanced manner following these
developments. BSSN, related institutions, TNI Headquarters, Police Force
Headquarters which has a Cyber Operation Center and also private parties
engaged in ICT have carried out daily monitoring of their critical information
infrastructure, but the observation and reporting of the results of these
operations have not been well integrated and have not there is cooperation and
collaborating with each other. The tasks are carried out in accordance with the
rules issued by each of these institutions or units.
At
present and in the future, cyber attacks will always increase, war on cyber
needs to be well planned between the government, related institutions and the
private sector in the field of ICT. The increase in cyber attacks lately cannot
be overcome by official government institutions alone, but the involvement of
the cyber community is very much needed. There is a need for collaboration
between governments, the private sector and the cyber community.
In the
statement of Lt. Gen. TNI JS. Prabowo said that the present and future Total
War should not be carried out by mobilizing the population "all out"
to be played as combatants in combat.� .
This statement is very relevant to current cyber activities, that the cyber
community is not a combatant, but can weaken the ICT system which has an impact
on government and society (Prabowo, 2009). Cyber communities that are spread
both in formal channels such as official government agencies, including in
BSSN, Institutions, Satsiber TNI, Force, Polri, private parties and also cyber
communities that are on non-formal channels, can jointly unite to prevent and
mitigate cyberattack.
From the
previously stated "Sun Tzu" statement that war is an art, the highest
art is without fighting. This theory is an illustration that in order to
achieve victory, you do not have to fight, but by means of diplomacy or attack
without using weapons and do not involve many soldiers. This if seen is very
relevant to the existence of cyber attacks that do not require weapons but can
take human lives, like the events in Ukraine 2017 (Reuter, 2017).
During
this Covid pandemic, not only the Covid virus can kill humans, but ransomware
attacks on hospital computer systems that can take control of computers so that
users cannot access these computers. like an attack on a hospital in Germany
that cost a woman her life (Nasution, 2020).
Indonesian
history has proven that the independence obtained at this time was the struggle
of all Indonesian people at that time. All citizens of the country fought to
help each other and were involved in the struggle to help TKR against the
invaders. General Soedirman along with his troops and the people entered the
forest to carry out a guerrilla war to attack the Dutch troops.
The
general attack on March 1, 1949 was an event that raised the name of the
Indonesian nation in the eyes of the world at that time and had proven that
this nation still had an army. An event that led to a round table conference (KMB)
in the Netherlands on 23 August-2 November 1949, one of which was The contents
of the agreement were: The Netherlands recognized sovereignty to the Republic
of the United States of Indonesia in December 1949. Thanks to the struggle of
all citizens, what had been waiting for a long time was finally achieved. The
guerrilla war that was carried out at that time was a collaboration (People's
Security Army) TKR now TNI with the people. General A.H Nasution had a great
hand in providing input to General Soedirman to carry out guerrilla war
tactics. The position of General A.H Nasution at that time was as the
representative of the TKR Commander who was appointed in February 1948 (Rusman, 2019).
The
success of the guerrilla war has become a strong basis for Indonesia today in
making laws and regulations so that in facing all threats it can involve all
its resources. The existing law and contains the involvement of all components
of the nation in Total War, starting from the 1945 Constitution article 30
paragraph 1, which reads "Every citizen has the right and obligation to
participate in national defense and security efforts." This means that
every Indonesian citizen has the same rights and obligations to participate in
national defense efforts (Serafica Gischa, 2020).
In
article 30 paragraph 2 it reads: "National defense and security efforts
are carried out through the defense and security system of the total people by
the Indonesian National Army and the Indonesian National Police, as the main
force, and the people, as the supporting force." Then in Law No. 3 of 2002
concerning State Defense, in CHAPTER I, Article I, paragraph 2, it reads:
"The national defense system is a comprehensive defense system that
involves all citizens, territories and other national resources, and is
prepared in a comprehensive manner. early by the government and carried out in
a total, integrated, directed, and continuous manner to uphold state
sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the safety of the entire nation from
all threats".
Furthermore,
in the 2015 Indonesian defense white paper p. 28 states that: the defense of
the Indonesian state is carried out in a universal defense system. The form of
defense that has been developed involves all citizens, all resources, areas and
national infrastructure, which have been prepared early by the Government, and
are carried out in a total, integrated, directed and sustainable manner.
The
universal defense system integrates military defense and non-military defense,
through efforts to build a strong and respected national defense force and capability
with high deterrence. Being prepared early means that the universal defense
system is built sustainably and continuously, to deal with various types of
threats, both military, non-military, and hybrid threats. Accumulatively, these
various types of threats can be grouped into real and non-real threats �(Ryacudu, 2015).
From
several theories and laws currently held regarding the involvement of citizens
to participate in Total War, it is an absolute obligation, because history has
proven it. The cyber community is part of the citizens, who should be obliged
to be involved in Total War in order to uphold the sovereignty and dignity of
this nation from all threats to the integrity of the unitary state of the
Republic of Indonesia.
National
defense policy is implemented through various efforts in the management of
resources and facilities national infrastructure to overcome various forms of
threats. Therefore, the empowerment of the cyber community in national defense
is directed at maintaining and developing all the strength and potential of national
defense in an integrated and directed manner by involving all citizens, as well
as utilizing all national resources and infrastructure as well as the entire
territory of the country to always be ready to be part of the system. National
Defense. Empowerment of the cyber community in national defense also aims to
improve integrated preparedness to deal with contingent situations and
escalation of threats as a result of the dynamics of strategic environmental
developments (Ryacudu, 2015).
In the
context of the current increasing cyber threat, the reason for the empowerment
of the cyber community should be the main focus of the government, institutions
and private parties related to the ICT sector which has not been a priority to
be empowered in the midst of current cyber attacks. This priority for the
empowerment of the cyber community aims to be able to take part in safeguarding
and securing IIKN from cyber attacks which have a very devastating impact and
can tear down a country if not anticipated earlier.
b.� Cyber Community Empowerment
Cyber
Community Empowerment aims to form independent human beings, improve living
standards and provide awareness of the freedom of everyone. The orientation is
towards a powerless community. Empowerment of the cyber community is an effort
so that the cyber community can benefit the state in preventing and protecting
IIKN from cyber attacks.
In law
no. 23 of 2019 concerning PSDN, article 1 paragraph 4 states that human
resources are citizens who provide their resources and efforts for the benefit
of the nation and state. The cyber community is a citizen who has the ability
in the field of ICT which can be used for the national interest.
The
government, in this case the ministry of defense, should take preventive steps
quickly to be able to manage, direct and accommodate the cyber community so
that it can be formed as a supporting component that is ready to be used in the
interests of national defense in the face of Total War (Saltzman, 2013).
In order
for cyber community empowerment to run as expected, it is necessary to
intervene both the government and the private sector related to the ICT sector
to carry out coaching activities in increasing the ability of the cyber
community to protect IIKN from cyber attacks.
This
cyber community empowerment according to 'Talcott Parsons' is an effort for
people to get skills, knowledge and power that are sufficient to affect their
lives and the lives of others (Popay et al., 2021).
By
empowering the cyber community, the capabilities that are owned can develop
with the activities that are followed, besides that, it will get benefits that
can affect the life of the cyber community itself.
In
empowering the cyber community, the first steps taken by the Government and the
private sector include conducting cyber competitions. This competition is an
effort to minimize negative cyber exploitation activities by hackers. This competition
is a cybersecurity competition that specifically focuses on the operational
aspects of the management and protection of information system services and
infrastructure.
Another
goal obtained from this cyber competition is that later the government will
have authentic data about the existence of the cyber community, so that it will
be easier to build this cyber community.
The
organizer of the activity representing the government and the participants had
met face to face and interacted directly with the cyber community, which seemed
always closed. This competition is a positive forum for cyber enthusiasts in
the country. This is because the cyber community, which is mostly young people,
is very smart and has potential in terms of system security. If not directed,
it can get out of control.
They
mostly carry out hacking activities just to show their existence that they
exist and have the ability such as taking money in the bank and some even can
make a country collapse and take a long time to recover. Cyber competition
activities are expected to be carried out more frequently and provide
appropriate rewards / incentives for winners so that they can support their
lives and become a challenge for those who have not won.
The hope
is that by participating in this cyber competition, all communities will be
challenged to study harder and develop themselves to face the next competition.
This will make the cyber community more useful for himself and society.
For the
winners of the competition, the government can provide proper facilities by
taking advantage of their ability to work together in protecting IIKN from
cyber attacks. For the cyber community who wants to cooperate with the
government, they are given a take home that is suitable for their work.
However, before collaborating with the government, cyber communities that have
not carried out national training are required to carry out national training,
so that their nationalism spirit can be fully formed to defend the country.
They
will be educated to become supporting components in this country both in
peacetime and wartime. Another activity carried out by the government and the
private sector is conducting a group discuss forum (FGD) as has been
implemented by BSSN. BSSN invites the cyber community to work together and
collaborate to create national resilience in the cyber realm. What was conveyed
in the FGD was that information has now become a very important commodity.
Communities
who are already in the level of "information-based society", a
community that is able to access and provide information quickly and
accurately, so that the need for cyber resilience for national resilience of
the cyber community is very much needed (Hukum & Masyarakat, 2018). FGD activities other than in BSSN,
have also been carried out at Pushansiber Kemhan, Satsiber TNI. All of this is
done to exchange information about cyber developments, threats to IIKN and
human resource capabilities and development plans.
When
viewed from the collaboration and collaboration, cyber communities with formal
backgrounds already have a place to interact with each other, but cyber
communities with non-formal backgrounds do not yet have such a forum. Attention
to the informal cyber community should not be ignored, because they will be
very dangerous for this nation. This is very relevant to the theory of Thomas
Rid & Peter McBurney which states that "cyber is a part of weapons
designed to threaten or endanger the physical, functional or mental structure
or systems or systems of life".
This has
led to the idea that the activities of the non-formal cyber community can be
controlled and can have a positive impact on this nation. If necessary, with
their abilities, they can be specially trained to join Command units, whose job
is only to penetrate enemy areas, so that enemy command lines, computer-based
communication devices but not connected to the internet can be paralyzed before
the main troops come in. This may be a way for them to do what is best for this
nation.
This
coaching must be clear, directed and measured and need more attention from the
government towards the cyber community that has not been accommodated. If
coaching goes well, this cyber community will feel more valued than just
running competitions, and this cyber community can be easily mobilized at any
time to support the government both in times of peace and during wartime as a
component of the nation's support.
This
shows that empowering the cyber community in protecting the country's territory
from cyber attacks is an obligation that must be carried out consciously and
with a full sense of responsibility.
c.� Cyber Community, Government and Private Roles.��������
The
cyber community is human resources who have formal and non-formal educational
backgrounds in the field of ICT, carry out interaction activities in the realm
of cyber (cyberspace) with the aim of supporting something desired.
The
existence of the cyber community is spread everywhere and the numbers are very
large, they are all gadget users, computers connected to the internet network.
The formal cyber community is at BSSN, Pushansiber Kemhan, TNI Headquarters,
Force Headquarters, Institutions, Police Headquarters, Universities,
professional associations and private parties engaged in ICT such as:
telecommunications service provider associations, satellite associations
throughout Indonesia, telephone associations, association of data center
operation of Indonesia, association of Indonesian internet services. Meanwhile,
the existence of non-formal cyber communities cannot be predicted, they can be
in homes, cafes, parks, trains, airports and anywhere they want. In the real
world they are very closed and keep their abilities secret, but if they can
interact with them in cyberspace, they will be open but only in their
community.
It is
known that there are cyber communities capable of being hackers and crackers
who work as security guards, online motorcycle taxis and so on to just show
their status in the real world. The role of the government and institutions as
well as the private sector related to the ICT sector in fostering, guiding and
directing the cyber community to take part in national defense as a supporting
component that can be realized through defense programs in the Ministry of
Defense or they can be used as a computer emergency response team ( CERT) to
deal with local, regional and international problems even if necessary they are
made easier to be recruited as Civil Servants (PNS) and placed throughout the
Ministry / Institution, TNI and Polri and if needed the opportunity to be
trained as agents of penetration into enemy areas with commandos can be
implemented through special recruitment.
Increasing
competition activities between formal and non-formal cyber communities,
increasing FGD program activities, providing rewards / incentives on a regular
basis for communities that assist the government in maintaining IIKN. This
cyber community empowerment regulation has actually been included in the May
2019 version of the Cyber Security and Resilience Act, in articles 7 and 8
which state that the administrators of cyber security and security (KKS)
consist of state institutions, central and local governments , as well as the
community consisting of internal organizations and provision of KKS services.
Furthermore,
Article 35 states that every KKS organizer must make efforts to cultivate KKS
so that the quality of risk management increases. These cultural efforts
include the implementation of promotional activities, technical guidance and /
or scientific activities to increase literacy and public awareness of KKS (Wuryasti,
2020). It is hoped that with the presence of the KKS Law in the future, both
central and regional governments, communities, institutions and the private
sector related to the ICT sector can work together and collaborate in
supporting the development of the cyber community.
CONCLUSION
The current state of rapid development of ICT has an
impact on the concept of national defense in the face of non-military threats,
in which there are cyber threats. The government, institutions and private
parties related to the ICT sector have tried to implement safeguards against
IIKN which are frequently attacked.
The current state of rapid development of ICT has an
impact on the concept of national defense in the face of non-military threats,
in which there are cyber threats. The government, institutions and private
parties related to the ICT sector have tried to implement safeguards against
IIKN which are frequently attacked.
The government, institutions, the private sector related
to ICT have tried to implement empowerment of cyber communities in the
perspective of Total Warfare to deal with cyber attacks. Empowerment is carried
out for all cyber communities through competitions between cyber communities as
well as organizing and collecting data to be used as a supporting component,
other activities are increasing the discussion group forum (FGD) activities,
increasing the national education program carried out by the Ministry of
Defense, providing rewards / incentives for communities involved in
collaboration with government, institutions, private parties related to ICT on
a regular basis. The government's cyber community empowerment activities in the
perspective of Total War have found several advantages and disadvantages, as
follows:
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Copyright holder:
Devis Lebo, Syaiful Anwar (2023)
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First publication right:
Journal of Social Science
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This article is licensed under:
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The
Empowerment of The Cyber Communities By The Indonesian Goverment From The
Perspective of Total War Strategy