INTRODUCTION
In 2016 the number of landfills in
Indonesia reached 65,200,000 tons per year with a population of 261,115,456
people. Indonesia's population projection shows the population continues to
grow and will certainly increase the amount of waste generation. The increase
in population is one factor increasing the amount of waste generation (Sujoko, Safitri, & Anindita, 2007).Based on data from the Bandung Central Statistics Agency, population
density in the city of Bandung until 2018 is 2,503,708 people, is the second
most populous city after Bekasi City where in 2018 the population density in
Bekasi City was 2,931,897 inhabitants (BPS Bandung, 2019).
Waste
productivity in the city of Bandung continues to increase along with the
population growth in the city of Bandung, according to the Managing Director of
the Bandung City PD Cleanliness Deni Nurdyana Hadimin said, the production of
waste produced by the citizens of Bandung reached 1600 tons per day. Where
around 100 - 150 tons are plastic waste (tribunnews, 2018). In 2015, the City
of Bandung was incorporated in an international green city organization under
the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (tribunnews, 2015). Green city is a concept of sustainable and
environmentally friendly development achieved with a balanced development
strategy between economic growth, social life, and environmental protection so
that cities become habitable places not only for the current generation, but
also the next generation. One element of a green city is green waste, where
green waste management is based on the principle of reduce, reuse, and recycle.
In
addition, green waste management must also be supported by environmentally
friendly waste treatment and disposal technology (Bapeda aceh, 2019).
Bandung
City Government implements green waste that contains the determination of waste
reduction targets, strategies to improve the quality and reach of cleaning
services, provision of facilities and infrastructure, the role of the
community, partnerships, the use of green technology and the development of
waste treatment infrastructure. The basic principle of green waste is the state
of free of waste through 3R namely Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (BKPRN, 2012).
Based
on the literature study conducted, there are indicators used as parameters for
measuring green waste. In this study, researchers will test the indicators
produced and calculate the green waste concept index in the city of Bandung.
The researcher wants to see what variables and indicators can be used to
measure green waste in Bandung, know the measurement model used to measure
green waste in Bandung, and find out the amount of green waste index in
Bandung.
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Green Marketing
Today
businesses and consumers have begun to challenge the environmentally friendly
products because both businesses and consumers are becoming more concerned
about the environment, health, and wealth to protect the earth's resources and
the environment (Nagaraju & Thejaswini, 2014). The American
Marketing Association (AMA) defines green marketing as marketing of a product
that is believed to be environmentally friendly, where the company carries out
various activities such as product adjustment, modification of production
processes, packaging, labeling, marketing strategies (Yazdanifard & Mercy, 2011). The main
concern of business today must be placed on the key to environmental
preservation rather than increasing business profitability (Boztepe, 2012).
2. Green City
Green city
is an environmentally friendly city by utilizing water and energy resources
effectively and efficiently, reducing waste, implementing an integrated
transportation system, guaranteeing environmental health, synergizing the
natural and artificial environment, based on urban planning and design which is
in line with the principles of sustainable development. Green city has
characteristics with eight attributes including, green planning and design,
green open space, green energy, green water, green waste, green building, green
transportation, and green community (Kementerian PUPR, 2017).
3. Green Waste
Green waste
is a method of processing waste that does not use energy that can damage the environment,
and prefers prevention of the production of waste and waste from both the
household and industrial sectors (“Glob. Waste Manag. Outlook,” 2016). It can be
concluded that basically the concept of green waste is a concept of waste
management by applying the 3R principle, namely Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
which is applied to the community.
METHOD
Research Stages
The
research design is a blueprint plan that will be carried out by researchers
related to the formulation of problems, collection, measurement, processing,
and data analysis to answer research questions so that the objectives of the
study are achieved (Yazdanifard & Mercy, 2011). In this study, the stages of research used are as follows:
Operational Variables
Based on a literature
study conducted, researchers found there are 5 variables and 22 indicators in
measuring green waste as follows:
Table 1
Operational Variables
|
Dimension
|
Variables
|
Indicators
|
|
Green
Waste
|
Environment Control
|
Source separation of ‘dry recyclables’
|
|
Waste captured by the solid
waste management and
recycling system
|
|
Degree of controlled
of treatment and
disposal
|
|
Waste collection
coverage
rate
|
|
Waste recycling
rate
|
|
Decreasing the amount of waste per person
|
|
Financial Sustainability
|
Access to
capital for investment
|
|
Local cost recovery – from business and institutions
|
|
Move from linear economy
waste management
to the circular economy
|
|
Local cost recovery – from
households
|
|
Unit cost of recycling operation
|
|
Operational Management
|
Degree of clean technology used
|
|
Suitable infrastructure
|
|
Develop and keep
improving a waste information
system
|
|
Number of disposal sites complying with defined
operation standards
|
|
Degree of communication and colaboration for recycling
progremme
|
|
Degree of performance monitoring
|
|
Public Participation and Awareness
|
Effectiveness in achieving behavior change
|
|
Stakeholder participation
|
|
Public education & awareness
|
|
Institutional and Policy Framework
|
Institutional arrangements
|
|
Endorsed national waste strategies
|
The
researcher confirms the variables and indicators based on the literature review
that has been done through in-depth interviews with informants. In-depth
interviews were conducted on the sample using a quadruple helix approach
involving four parties comprising the Government, Businesses,
Academics/Researchers, and the Community as many as 30 resource persons.
METHOD
This research uses a mixed method, which combines qualitative and quantitative
research. The mixed method was chosen as a useful strategy for gaining an
understanding of the problem formulation more complete such as to explain
quantitative results by collecting and analyzing qualitative follow-up data (Creswell & Creswell, 2017).
In
conducting research qualitatively researchers conducted data analysis
techniques with the triangulation method, where triangulation is a combination
or combination of various methods used to study interrelated phenomena from
different perspectives and perspectives (Indrawati, 2015), peer de briefing used by researchers to explore the results obtained in
the form of discussions with the green city research group. In this study
researchers conducted discussions with teammates who were considered to know
the characteristics of the research subjects, and word association, is the
process of collecting pieces of text or pieces of images and writing them into
categories, then labeling these categories with special terms that are often
based on terms / languages that actually originate from sources.
As
for quantitative research, researchers conduct validity and reliability tests
to ensure the validity and reliability of research results that have been
carried out qualitatively then the research instruments are tested
quantitatively (Indrawati, 2015). Statistical measurements are performed using the Spearman rank
correlation, Spearman rank correlation is used to measure the level or the
closeness between two variables, namely the independent variable and the
dependent variable which is ordinal scale, know the level of compatibility of
two variables with the same group, get empirical validity of data collection
tools, and find out the reliability of data collection tools (dan Sunarto, 2007). In addition, researchers assessed
the tabulation index, the value generated from the measurement of a concept
linked to data collection in the field. The assessment used in this study is a
number that has a range of values based on the assessment of the National
Higher Education reviewer assessor (Indrawati, 2015). The agreed evaluation ranges are as follows :
1.
A score of 0-60 is considered very
poor and needs a lot of improvement.
2.
Figures 61-70 are considered not
good, there are still many shortcomings, but still within reasonable
limits.
3.
Figures 71-80 are considered sufficient,
satisfying, some things are still lacking.
4.
Figures 81-90 are considered good,
satisfying, in line with expectations, and slightly lacking.
5.
Figures 91-100 were considered very
good, very satisfying, in accordance with the expectations of the
participants almost no shortcomings.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Analysis
Qualitative Result
Based
on statements that have been obtained from resource persons, labeling of each
variable and indicator is carried out. The results of labeling the variables
and indicators are as follows:
Table 2
Qualitative Results
|
Variable
|
Percentage Agree
|
|
Environment Control
|
100%
|
|
Financial Sustainability
|
100%
|
|
Operational Management
|
100%
|
|
Public Participation and Awareness
|
100%
|
|
Institutional and Policy Framework
|
100%
|
|
Indicator
|
Percentage Agree
|
|
Source separation of ‘dry recyclables’
|
100%
|
|
Waste Captured by the solid waste management
and recycling system
|
100%
|
|
Degree of controlled of treatment and
disposal
|
100%
|
|
Waste Collection Coverage rate
|
100%
|
|
Waste Recycling rate
|
94%
|
|
Decreasing Number of Garbage Dumps per Life
|
100%
|
|
Access to capital for investment
|
94%
|
|
Local cost recovery – from business and
institutions
|
94%
|
|
Move from linear economy waste management to
the circular economy
|
100%
|
|
Local cost recovery – from households
|
100%
|
|
Unit cost of recycling operation
|
12%
|
|
Degree of clean technology used
|
100%
|
|
Suitable infrastructure
|
100%
|
|
Develop and keep improving a waste
information system
|
94%
|
|
Number of disposal sites complying with
defined operation standards
|
100%
|
|
Degree of communication and colaboration for
recycling programme
|
100%
|
|
Degree of performance monitoring
|
100%
|
|
Effectiveness in achieving behavior change
|
100%
|
|
Stakeholder participation
|
100%
|
|
Public education & awareness
|
100%
|
|
Institutional arrangements
|
100%
|
|
Endorsed national waste strategies
|
100%
|
Based
on the results of the confirmation of variables and indicators to resource
persons, the indicator of unit cost of recycling operation or recycling
operational costs has a small percentage value of the financial sustainability
variable which is 12%. So the researcher decide not to use these indicators in
subsequent quantitative calculations
Qualitative Result
Based on the results of quantitative
analysis by calculating the Spearman rank correlation and scoring data based on
variables and indicators obtained from qualitative results, the following
results are obtained:
Table
3
Quantitative Results
|
Variable
|
Correlation
|
Result
|
Score
|
Categori
|
|
Environment Control
|
0.892
|
Positive Correlation
|
69.87
|
Not good
|
|
Financial Sustainability
|
0.851
|
Positive Correlation
|
71.38
|
Sufficient
|
|
Operational Management
|
0.928
|
Positive Correlation
|
70.53
|
Sufficient
|
|
Public Participation and Awareness
|
0.954
|
Positive Correlation
|
74.61
|
Sufficient
|
|
Institutional and Policy Framework
|
0.964
|
Positive Correlation
|
75.83
|
Sufficient
|
|
Indicator
|
Correlation
|
Result
|
Score
|
Categori
|
|
Source Separation of Dry
Recyclables
|
0.750
|
Positive Correlation
|
65.90
|
Not good
|
|
Waste Captured by The Solid
Waste Management and Recycling System
|
0.773
|
Positive Correlation
|
69.50
|
Not good
|
|
Degree of Controlled of
Treatment and Disposal
|
0.799
|
Positive Correlation
|
70.90
|
Not good
|
|
Waste Collection Coverage Rate
|
0.745
|
Positive Correlation
|
70.40
|
Not good
|
|
Waste Recycling Rate
|
0.639
|
Positive Correlation
|
71.72
|
Sufficient
|
|
Decreasing Number of Garbage Dumps per Life
|
0.661
|
Positive Correlation
|
70.78
|
Not good
|
|
Access to Capital for Investment
|
0.784
|
Positive Correlation
|
69.20
|
Not good
|
|
Local Cost Recovery – From
Businesses and Institutions
|
0.736
|
Positive Correlation
|
73.13
|
Sufficient
|
|
Move from Linear Economy Waste
Management to The Circular Economy
|
0.798
|
Positive Correlation
|
67.07
|
Not good
|
|
Local Cost Recovery – From
Households
|
0.481
|
Positive Correlation
|
76.13
|
Sufficient
|
|
Degree of Clean Technology Used
|
0.769
|
Positive Correlation
|
70.57
|
Not good
|
|
Suitable Infrastructure
|
0.649
|
Positive Correlation
|
68.50
|
Not good
|
|
Develop and Keep Improving A
Waste Information System
|
0.647
|
Positive Correlation
|
72.27
|
Sufficient
|
|
Number of Disposal Sites
Complying With Defined Operation Standards
|
0.627
|
Positive Correlation
|
67.17
|
Not good
|
|
Degree of Communication and
Collaboration for Recycling Programme
|
0.644
|
Positive Correlation
|
73.10
|
Sufficient
|
|
Degree of Performance Monitoring
|
0.797
|
Positive Correlation
|
71.57
|
Sufficient
|
|
Effectiveness in Achieving
Behavior Change
|
0.824
|
Positive Correlation
|
73.63
|
Sufficient
|
|
Stakeholder Participation
|
0.782
|
Positive Correlation
|
74.63
|
Sufficient
|
|
Public Education & Awareness
|
0.761
|
Positive Correlation
|
75.57
|
Sufficient
|
|
Institutional Arrangements
|
0.920
|
Positive Correlation
|
77.60
|
Sufficient
|
|
Endorsed National Waste
Strategies
|
0.925
|
Positive Correlation
|
74.07
|
Sufficient
|
Based
on the results of the above assessment, it is known that all indicators have a
positive correlation with the variables, and each variable is positively
correlated to measure green waste in the city of Bandung. From the results
above it is also known that the lowest score of the indicator in measuring
green waste is source separation of dry recyclables with a score of 65.90 which
is included in the unfavorable category, and the highest score is an indicator
of institutional arrangements with a score of 77.60 which falls into the
sufficient category
Proposed Green Waste Measurement Model
From
the results of qualitative analysis, based on answers to the results of
interviews with resource persons, the results obtained as much as 12% of
resource persons stated agreed to the indicators unit cost of recycling
operation is an indicator in measuring financial sustainability. Based on these
results the author decides not to use these indicators in the proposed model to
be presented.
While
based on the results of quantitative calculations using the Spearman Rank
correlation through the IBM SPSS Statistics 21 software, the results show that
of the 5 variables and 21 indicators tested all have a positive correlation
value. Therefore, the results of the analysis are qualitative and quantitative,
The variables and indicators used to measure green waste in Bandung are as
follows:
Figure
2
Proposed Green Waste Model
Green Waste Index in Bandung City
Based
on the results of calculations and analysis shows that the green waste index in
the city of Bandung is in the Fair category with a score of 72.44. The highest
number is in the institutional and policy framework variable with a score of
75.83, while the lowest number is in the environment control variable with a
score of 69.87.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of research on the
measurement of the green waste index in the city of Bandung. Can be concluded
as follows:
1.
The results of interviews conducted with 30
resource persons, found that the variables and indicators that can be used to
measure Green Waste in the city of Bandung is to use 5 variables and 21
indicators in accordance with the proposed model that has been presented.
2.
Based on qualitative results, the unit cost of
recycling operation indicator in the financial sustainability variable has a
value of 12%. Therefore, the development of a model to measure Green Waste in
the city of Bandung is not to include these indicators, according to the proposed
model that has been presented.
3.
The Green Waste Index in Bandung City has a
value of 72.44 which is included in the sufficient category, where currently
the application of green waste based on 5 variables measured is considered
sufficient.
Suggestions
Practitioners suggestions
Based on the results of the interview, the
resource person considered that the Government was still less assertive in
implementing sustainable waste management policies. On the other hand, the lack
of public awareness of sustainable waste management and businesses in producing
sustainable products results in an index of green waste implementation in the
city of Bandung is still in the sufficient category. Therefore
it is important for collaboration between stakeholders from stakeholders,
business actors, and the community to be able to change behavior in waste
management in terms of both business sustainability and urban survival.
Academic Advice
Researchers do not make comparisons of the
application of green waste in other countries or based on good practice when
conducting interviews with resource persons. it is expected that in subsequent
studies it can make a comparison of the application of green waste based on
good practice and application in other countries, other than that in this
study, researchers did not weight the indicators and variables in the
measurement of the green waste index. it is expected that in subsequent studies
we can weight the indicators and variables in measuring green waste.
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