The Relationship between Work Motivation and
Psychological Well-Being for Internship Students
Nabila Putri Utama1, Silviana2*, Stefania Morin3, Rahmah Hastuti4
Universitas
Tarumanagara, Indonesia12*34
Email: [email protected]1, [email protected]2*, [email protected]3, [email protected]4
ABSTRACT
This study examines the
relationship between work motivation and psychological well-being (PWB) in
internship students in Jabodetabek. The Kampus Merdeka policy program provides
opportunities for students to develop their skills and work experience. This
study aims to identify how work motivation, both intrinsic and extrinsic,
affects the psychological well-being of student interns. Using a predictive
correlational approach, data were collected through questionnaires measuring
the dimensions of work motivation and PWB. The results showed that intrinsic
motivation has a significant positive impact on psychological well-being, while
excessive extrinsic motivation can have a negative impact. The research
emphasizes the importance of creating a supportive work environment to motivate
student interns, improve their performance, and prepare them for the transition
from academia to the world of work. The researcher obtained 103 respondents
from various students in Jabodetabek. universities with 25.2% male and 74.8%
female gender. This research data was processed using convenience sampling
techniques, using the Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale (MWMS)
questionnaire and Psychological Well Being (PWB) distribution of this
questionnaire through social media by using google form. The analysis of the
data is known through the Kolmogorov Smirnov test obtained a figure of
0.200> 0.05 for both variables, it is concluded that the residual data is
normally distributed.
Keywords: work
motivation, psychological well-being, internal students, Merdeka Campus
INTRODUCTION
MBKM internship is a form of learning activity provided to
students which is aimed at introducing, improving and developing abilities in a
company or industrial environment that is in line with the study program being
taught. This internship is very important to implement because its
implementation will grow the seeds of superior humans in the work environment.
MBKM Internship or what can be called Field Work Practice is one of the
mandatory courses that must be taught by Tarumanagara University Psychology
Study Program students. Internship is a process to apply knowledge or competencies
gained during education, in the world of work directly. Internships allow you
to understand professional work systems in the real industry (Galbraith & Mondal, 2020).
Intern students are in a transition period from the academic world to the
world of work, facing various challenges and pressures that affect their performance
and well-being. An internship program is a practical learning experience and
activity outside of higher education which is an opportunity for students to
deepen their skills, knowledge and attitudes in the world of work directly. In
this program, the university and the company where the internship works
together so that students can carry out practical learning activities within an
agreed time period. What students get during the internship is that students
are able to put into practice the knowledge they have gained during their
studies from the start of the semester and then during their internship (Tuasikal et al.,
2021). This is practiced directly by actively
participating in the internal institution where the internship is taking place,
gaining new relevant knowledge, every task and responsibility given is assisted
by the internship supervisor as the person who provides knowledge, teaches and
supervises students in carrying out their work.
If students have
satisfactory assessment performance during this internship period, there may be
an opportunity to become permanent employees. With the internship program for students, it becomes an
opportunity to experience and practice their knowledge directly in real life
fields. Because the world of work prefers prospective employees who already
have work experience, this internship program can help students to be accepted
by industrial companies. Universities strive for this by including internship
programs as courses that students must take (Karunaratne & Perera, 2019). A well-designed internship program, which
includes adequate training, guidance from experienced mentors, and
opportunities to develop new skills, can significantly increase work
motivation. Work motivation is an important factor in helping interns overcome
these challenges and achieve optimal performance with intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation to be able to encourage individuals to achieve their goals (Hou et al.,
2023). Intrinsic motivation, which comes from an
individual's satisfaction and interest in work, has a significant positive
impact on the performance and psychological well-being of intern students (Anshari et al.,
2022).
Self-motivation in a
person requires individual psychological well-being. According to Martela (2019), psychological well-being is a positive impact
of intrinsic motivation, there are important dimensions that can influence an
individual's quality of life, psychological well-being consists of six
dimensions, namely: (a) self-acceptance; (b) positive relationships with
others; (c) autonomy; (d) environmental control; (e) life goals; and (f)
personal development. For internship students, psychological well-being is
influenced by various factors such as: the environment between colleagues and
superiors, individual performance in being responsible by completing each task.
And culture in a company.
High psychological
well-being correlates with increased performance, creativity, and the ability
to adapt to change (Schwenke et al.,
2021). The relationship between work motivation and
psychological well-being in internship students is becoming increasingly
relevant in the context of a dynamic and stressful world of work. Then research
by Tang (2020) states that intrinsic motivation is positively
correlated with psychological well-being, while excessive extrinsic motivation
can potentially reduce an individual's well-being. An inclusive and supportive
work environment can increase work motivation and psychological well-being of
intern students (Zhang et al.,
2021).
Therefore, it is
important for companies and educational institutions to work together to create
effective and supportive internship programs. In recent years, a focus on
improving the psychological well-being and work motivation of interns has
become a priority for many companies and educational institutions. This is in
line with research findings showing that high psychological well-being and
strong work motivation not only improve individual performance but also have a
positive impact on overall organizational productivity and efficiency (Yu et al., 2021). The results of this research can be concluded
about the importance of creating a work environment that is supportive and
motivating, as well as providing opportunities for self-development and balance
between personal and professional life.
From previous research
conducted by Laksmi and Budiani (2015), there is a significant relationship between psychological well-being and the work
motivation of class III employees at the City X Education Department and there
is a significant positive relationship between work motivation and psychological well-being. This means
that the higher the work motivation, the higher the psychological well-being.
Previous research only
focused on employees who were already working, so more research was needed
focusing on students who had internship experience. So our research focuses on
research aimed at internship students because when students have completed
their study period at university, they will then enter the world of work, which
requires work motivation and psychological
well-being. which is good
for preparing yourself to move from studying at university to the world of
work.
RESEARCH METHODS
This research focuses on
the relationship between work motivation and psychological well-being being
(PWB), the research strategy used is correlational
by observing two variables that have occurred in the individuals studied (non-experimental). According to Lemboye (2019) correlational research has two types, namely descriptive correlational and predictive correlational. This research
is included in the predictive
correlational research strategy which tries to explain the relationship
between variables by predicting variations in
a variable (dependent variable) based
on changes (variations) in the variable. others (independent variables). From the statement according to this
expert, work motivation can be positioned as an influencing variable (independent) and psychological
well-being is a variable (dependent)
which is influenced by work motivation. The sampling technique used was the convenience sampling method, which is a
sampling method that provides freedom or is easy to reach and is representative
(Gravetter & Forzano, 2018). This research involved 103 active students who
were undergoing an internship program as research subjects to explore these
variables. This technique is used for convenience and efficiency in collecting
data from many respondents around the researcher who meet the research
criteria. The large size of the research population makes this technique the
most appropriate choice with data that is easy for researchers to obtain.
This research uses a
quantitative correlational approach with
a survey method by filling out a questionnaire to collect data and then process
it into data. This research uses
a work motivation scale based on theory. This research uses a work motivation
and psychological well being (PWB)
scale, according to Gagne, et al (2015) Multidimensional
Work Motivation Scale (MWMS) which
has been compiled from five dimensions of work motivation, namely external
regulation approach, introjection
regulation approach, identified motivation, intrinsic motivation and deficiencies.
Motivation (A motivation). The scale
model chosen for use in the research scale measurement of work motivation and
psychological well-being was designed using a Likert scale model which has seven points for answers to work
motivation questions, namely for a score of 1 which means = Not at all for this
reason; score 2 = Very Slight; score 3= Slight score; 4= Fair; score 5= Strong;
score 6= Very Strong; score 7= Correct for this reason. Meanwhile, for the psychological
well being scale, researchers used the Awan (2021) psychological
wellbeing scale which has six dimensions, namely self -acceptance, positive relationships with other people
(self-acceptance), autonomy, environmental
mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth.
The Multidimensional
Work Motivation Scale (MWMS) consists of 19 items, with the Cronbach's Alpha
value obtained being 0.849, which indicates that the questions on this work
motivation scale are quite reliable. Meanwhile, the psychological well being
(PWB) scale which consists of 42 items reached 0.781 because there were several
dimensions that were not reliable. So the Cronbach's Alpha obtained has a value
of > 0.6 so it can be concluded that the two variables are reliable. The data
analysis method used in this research is parametric analysis techniques. The
method for distributing questionnaires is in the form of a Google Form link to be filled in by research participants. This
questionnaire is in digital form via the Google
Form supporting platform, then spread
via social media in the form of WhatsApp,
Instagram, Line, Telegram and Word of
Mouth (WOM). The next stage is to determine the research objective, namely
to determine the relationship between work motivation and psychological well-being for internship students in Jabodetabek.
The data collection technique used is by processing the data obtained from the
work motivation and psychological well
being questionnaires. Next, the dimensions are processed to obtain a
hypothetical mean and an empirical mean.
The results of the
analysis calculation of the hypothetical and empirical mean item scores from
each dimension of Work Motivation are presented in the following table:
Table 1. Hypothetical
and Empirical Mean Results from Each Dimension
Work motivation
|
Variable |
Dimensions |
Hypothetical Mean |
Empirical Mean |
|
Work Motivation (X) |
External Regulations |
24 |
28.06 |
|
Introjection Regulation |
16 |
22.55 |
|
|
Identified Motivation |
12 |
16.88 |
|
|
Intrinsic Motivation |
12 |
16.66 |
|
|
Amotivation |
12 |
15.46 |
Source: Quantitative Research Results, 2024
The table shows a
comparison between the hypothetical mean and the empirical mean for the
dimensions of the two variables, namely work motivation (X) and psychological well-being (Y). Meanwhile,
the analysis of the hypothetical and empirical mean item scores from each
dimension of Psychological Well-Being (PWB) is presented in the following
table:
Table 2. Hypothetical
and Empirical Mean Results for Each Dimension
Psychological Wellbeing
(PWB)
|
Variable |
Dimensions |
Hypothetical Mean |
Empirical Mean |
|
Psychological Well-being (Y) |
Autonomy |
24.5 |
26.86 |
|
Environmental Mastery |
24.5 |
27.02 |
|
|
Personal Growth |
24.5 |
29.97 |
|
|
Positive Relations |
24.5 |
30.17 |
|
|
Purpose in Life |
24.5 |
29.51 |
|
|
|
Self Acceptance |
24.5 |
28.07 |
Source: Quantitative
Research Results, 2024
RESEARCH RESULT
Table 3. Work Motivation Blue Print
|
No |
Dimensions |
Item Number |
Total |
|
|
Fav |
UnFav |
|||
|
1 |
External Regulations |
1,2,3, 4,5,6, |
3 |
6 |
|
2 |
Introjection Regulations |
7,8,9,10 |
|
4 |
|
3 |
Identified Motivation |
11,12,13 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
Intrinsic Motivation |
14,15,16 |
|
3 |
|
5 |
Amotivation |
17,18,19 |
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
19 |
Source: SPSS Data Analysis, 2024
Table 4. Blue Print Psychological
Wellbeing (PWB)
|
No |
Dimensions |
Item
Number |
Total |
|
|
Fav |
UnFav |
|||
|
1 |
Autonomy |
20,26,44,56 |
32,38,50 |
7 |
|
2 |
Environmental Mastery |
21,39,57 |
27,33,43,51 |
7 |
|
3 |
Personal Growth |
28,40,52 |
22,34,46,68 |
7 |
|
4 |
Positive Relations |
23,35,41,47,59 |
29.53 |
7 |
|
5 |
Purpose in Life |
30,48,54,60 |
24,36,42 |
7 |
|
�6 |
Self - Acceptance |
25,31,43,55,61 |
37, 49 |
7 |
|
Total |
42 |
|||
Source: SPSS Data Analysis, 2024
Table
5. Description of Respondent Data
|
Characteristics |
Information |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
Gender |
Man |
26 |
25.2 |
|
Woman |
77 |
74.8 |
|
|
Age |
20 |
16 |
15.5 |
|
21 |
37 |
35.9 |
|
|
22 |
25 |
24.3 |
|
|
23 |
13 |
12.6 |
|
|
24 |
7 |
6.8 |
|
|
25 |
5 |
4.9 |
|
|
Internship Status |
Apprenticeship |
103 |
100.0 |
|
No Internship |
0 |
0.0 |
|
|
Length of Internship |
< 1 Month |
2 |
1.9 |
|
12 months |
31 |
30.1 |
|
|
3 - 4 Months |
39 |
37.9 |
|
|
5 - 6 Months |
20 |
19.4 |
|
|
> 6 Months |
11 |
10.7 |
Source: SPSS Data
Analysis, 2024
Table 5 above shows the frequency
distribution of respondent characteristics. It can be seen that from 103 respondents, 26 people were male (25.2%) and 77
people were female (74.8%). Based on age, it is known that there were 16
respondents aged 20 years (15.5%), respondents aged 21 years were 37 people
(35.9%), respondents aged 22 years were 25 people (24.3%), respondents aged 23
years were 13 people (12.6%), respondents aged 24 years were 7 people (6.8%)
and respondents aged 25 years were 5 people (4.9%). Apart from that, it is
known that all respondents have internship status with varying lengths of
internship. It is known that there were 2 respondents with an internship period
of less than 1 month (1.9%), 31 respondents with an internship period of 1 - 2 months
(30.1%), 39 respondents with an internship period of 3 - 4 months (37.9%),
There were 20 respondents with an internship duration of 5 - 6 months (19.4%),
and 11 respondents with an internship period of more than 6 months (10.7%).
Table
6. Reliability Test Results for Each Variable
|
Dimensions |
Cronbach's Alpha |
|
|
Beginning |
End |
|
|
Work motivation |
0.752 |
0.849 |
|
Psychological Well-being |
0.619 |
0.781 |
Source: SPSS Data
Analysis, 2024
Based on table 6, the
results of the reliability test using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient resulted
in Cronbach's alpha data on the work motivation and psychological well-being
variables being 0.849 and 0.781 respectively. The Cronbach's alpha obtained has
a value of > 0.6, it can be concluded that the two variables are reliable.
Table
7. Normality Test Results on Unstandardized
Residuals
|
|
Unstandardized
Residuals |
|
|
N |
103 |
|
|
Normal Parameters |
Mean |
0,000 |
|
Std. Deviation |
4,447 |
|
|
Most Extreme Differences |
Absolute |
0.071 |
|
Positive |
0.071 |
|
|
Negative |
-0.040 |
|
|
Statistical Tests |
0.071 |
|
|
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) |
0.20 |
|
Source: SPSS Data Analysis, 2024
In table 7 above it is
known that Asymp. Σ. (2-tailed) the
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of the unstandardized residual variable produced
through regression of the independent variable on the dependent variable
produces a figure of 0.200. The significance obtained has a value greater than
the value 
(5%). Therefore, it can be concluded that the
residual data is normally distributed. The results of the researcher's
hypothesis test show that sig = 0.000 < 0.05, indicating that research can
influence and have a positive correlation between work motivation and psychological well-being, meaning that
if the psychological well-being of intern students increases, it will be
accompanied by an increase in work motivation. owned.
Discussion
This research examines
the relationship between work motivation and psychological well-being (PWB) in internship
students in Jabodetabek using technical analysis techniques used in this
research, namely using linear regression analysis, the choice of statistical
methods used as a tool to see the relationship between two variables. namely,
work motivation can be positioned as an influencing variable (independent) and
psychological well-being is a (dependent) variable which is influenced by work
motivation. The aim is to find out the relationship between work motivation and
psychological well-being for intern students to get an idea of the relationship
between these two variables.
The results of data
analysis show that employee work motivation is above the expected average,
especially in the dimensions of external regulation (empirical mean 28.06 vs
hypothetical mean 24) and introjected regulation (22.55 vs 16). This indicates
that external factors and internal pressure play a significant role in
increasing employee work motivation. In addition, employees' psychological
well-being also showed positive results, with the dimensions of personal growth
(29.97 vs. 24.5) and positive relationships (30.17 vs. 24.5) being the most
prominent.
Simple linear regression
analysis reveals that work motivation has a significant influence on employee
psychological well-being S = 0.000 < 0.05. Validity and reliability tests
show that most of the dimensions of the work motivation and psychological
well-being variables are valid and reliable, with Cronbach's alpha values above
0.7.
Work motivation is
motivation that comes from the word motive which refers to the reason a person
performs an action (Diefendorff et
al., 2022). Motive is the basic impulse that moves
individuals to act. When individuals do something that provides personal
satisfaction, this can create a sense of fulfillment and meaning so that
individuals are able to produce positive feelings. This feeling of pleasure
encourages individuals to continue doing these activities. However, there are
times when individuals will do something they don't want because there is
pressure or a situation that forces them to do so. Motivation can also be
interpreted as an internal force that influences a person's direction,
behavior, intensity and persistence voluntarily (Ryan & Deci,
2020). Although in some situations, individuals may
be faced with the option to do the undesirable, motivation remains an important
factor that determines how strongly individuals act in various contexts.
Based on the theory of
Gagne, et al. (2015), work motivation is a psychological process
that encourages individuals to do certain work with the aim of achieving
desired results. Internship students who have a high level of psychological
well-being tend to say that they have a subjective assessment of the individual
in themselves so that they can feel comfortable, peaceful, in life so that they
will be indoctrinated in themselves to survive in life so that they try to
develop their own potential and When interns when they are in a work environment
in the dimension of environmental mastery have confidence in managing
competence in their work environment then these aspects can be linked.
According to Ryff,
mental health (PWB) refers to a person's feelings about daily life activities.
These feelings can originate from positive mental conditions, such as
self-actualization or realization of potential, to negative mental conditions,
such as anxiety and life dissatisfaction (Kazanjian, 2022). Individuals who can regulate/control the
feelings they experience every day throughout their lives tend to have a
positive mental condition or good psychological well-being. According to Tang (2021), psychological well-being is a positive impact
of intrinsic motivation, there are important dimensions that can influence an
individual's quality of life, psychological well-being consists of six
dimensions, namely: (a) self-acceptance; (b) positive relationships with
others; (c) autonomy; (d) environmental control; (e) life goals; and (f)
personal development. For internship students, psychological well-being is
influenced by various factors such as: the environment between colleagues and
superiors, individual performance in being responsible by completing each task.
And culture in a company. High psychological well-being correlates with
increased performance, creativity, and the ability to adapt to change (Chen et al.,
2024).
The experience that
interns have will be an advantage in the future when they decide on their life
goals and direction to enter the real world of work after completing their
education at university. The existence of an internship program which is an
experience for them, can give students an idea of what the world of work and
its environment looks like, so that when they start entering the world of work
they can prepare everything such as: self-preparation and the ability/skills to
be able to adapt to a new environment and carry out every responsibility for
his work. Because someone who has good psychological well-being can accept
themselves and have a positive attitude. This is also related to how
individuals can build positive relationships with other people and have a sense
of sympathy and empathy in the workplace environment. Thus, individuals with
good psychological well-being have a positive attitude, are able to adapt to
the environment with colleagues to work together in carrying out each task
satisfactorily, resulting in good performance.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of research
conducted on internship students, the results showed that there was a
relationship between work motivation and psychological well-being for students
in Jabodetabek. It can be concluded that the higher the motivation for students
in carrying out work, the greater the
student's satisfaction in completing the work. The research results showed that
of the 103 research respondents who were tested using a simple linear
regression analysis test, it was revealed that work motivation had a
significant influence on the psychological well-being of intern students Σ =
0.000 < 0.05. Based on the results of research on internship students who
have filled out questionnaires via Google Form, it can be concluded that the
influence of external factors and internal pressure has a big influence on
their psychological well-being. At the internship site, it is necessary to
maintain and improve factors that support work motivation and facilitate
self-development and positive relationships between other co-workers. A
comprehensive strategy in managing the motivation and well-being of intern
students has a positive impact on overall organizational performance. The
results of this research show that there is a positive and significant relationship
between work motivation and psychological well-being for internship students in
Jabodetabek. This means that the more a student has the motivation to carry out
enthusiasm in undergoing this internship program, and it can also be concluded
that this research is important for evaluating and measuring the impact of
various initiatives and programs implemented to increase work motivation and
psychological well-being of internship students. It is also important to
consider that the needs and expectations of student interns may vary depending
on the individual's background and their own field of study. Therefore, a
supportive and inclusive work environment allows intern students to feel more
valued, which will trigger their individual intrinsic motivation to the
maximum.
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