The Effect of Bay
Leaf Juice (Syzygium Polyanthum (Wight))
on the Death of Aedes Aegypti Instar
III Mosquito Larvae
Fika Anjar Swandini1, Ardina Nugrahani2*,
Alberta Tri Prasetyowati3
Manggala
Yogyakarta Health Analyst Academy, Indonesia12*3
Email:
[email protected]2*,
[email protected]3
ABSTRACT
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an endemic disease which is a health
problem in Indonesia, which can be transmitted through the bite of the Aedes
aegypti mosquito . Control of the Aedes aegypti
mosquito as a dengue vector has been widely carried out using synthetic
controls, other controls can be carried out using natural larvicides . Bay
leaves (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight)) are one of the plants that can be
used as a natural larvicide because they contain alkaloids, flavonoids,
phenolics, terpenoids, tannins, saponins and essential oils. This research aims
to determine the effect of bay leaf juice on the death of third instar Aedes
aegypti mosquito larvae. This research is an experimental study by looking at
the death of third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae from bay
leaf juice. The treatment was carried out by making various concentrations of
bay leaf juice, namely 4%, 8%, 16%, 20%, 32%, 64% and 80%. Each treatment
container contained 25 third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae with 2
repetitions for 24 hours. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA
analysis of variance. The conclusion of this research is that bay leaf juice
has a significant effect on the death of third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito
larvae and a concentration of 16% is an effective concentration in killing third
instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae.
Keywords:
Aedes aegypti, Bay leaf ( Syzygium polyanthum (Wight))
INTRODUCTION
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an
infectious disease that is one of the health problems in Indonesia caused by
the dengue virus which can be transmitted through the bite of the Aedes
aegypti mosquito . The clinical manifestations of dengue fever vary from
asymptomatic and symptomatic conditions, consisting of non-specific low-grade
fever, dengue fever accompanied by shock or dengue shock syndrome (DSS).
Dengue can also attack the liver, often causing complications, namely
impaired liver function due to damage to liver cells (Soegijanto, 2012).
The Indonesian Ministry of
Health (2020) stated that there were 95,893 cases of dengue fever in Indonesia
with a total of 661 deaths. The five districts/cities with the most dengue
cases are Buleleng, Bali (3,313 people), Badung, Bali (2,547 people), Bandung
City, West Java (2,363 people), Sikka, NTT (1,786 people), and Gianyar, Bali
(1,717 people ). Yogyakarta City Health Office
(2020) explained that there were 296 cases of dengue fever in Yogyakarta
City. The four Kemantren (Districts) with the highest cases include Umbulharjo
Kemantren (62 cases), Kotagede Kemantren (49 cases), Mantrijeron Kemantren (53
cases), and Mergangsan Kemantren (28 cases).
DHF cases are a disease that
appears every rainy season. Climate change causes changes in rainfall,
temperature and humidity, which has an effect on the ecosystem, especially on
the breeding of the Aedes mosquito vector both before the rainy season
and after the rainy season (Gubler, 2010). High rainfall can increase mosquito
breeding places and increase the mosquito population which allows dengue fever
outbreaks to increase, so efforts are needed to control the mosquito vector of
dengue fever.
Dengue fever can be controlled
by breaking the mosquito life cycle at the larval stage. This control can be
done by administering synthetic or vegetable larvicides. The use of synthetic
larvicides such as abate can have negative impacts on humans and the
environment. If the dose of Abate is continuously increased, it will endanger
public health and environmental health, if direct exposure to Abate, such as
ingestion, will cause poisoning (Runia,
2008) . One alternative that can be
used to control mosquito larvae is to develop plant-based ingredients as
vegetable larvicides, one of which is bay leaves.
��������� Dwiyanti
et al. (2017) stated that bay leaf water extract at a
concentration of 32 ml/100 ml could cause 55% death of Aedes aegypti mosquito
larvae . Anggraini
(2019) stated that bay leaf solution
at a concentration of 55% can kill Aedes aegypti larvae by 52 %. Kartini et
al. (2020) explained that ethanol extract
of bay leaves at a concentration of 2% caused larval mortality of 86.6 %.
The death of larvae after
exposure to bay leaf extract is due to the fact that bay leaf extract contains
active compounds as larvicides. Agustina
et al ., (2016) stated that bay leaves contain flavonoids,
saponins, tannins and alkaloids. Abdullah, (2016) explained that the highest
flavonoid content is found in old leaves, then in young leaves.
Laurel tree is a type of spice
plant and one of the medicinal plants in Indonesia. The scientific name of the
laurel tree is Syzygium polyanthum Wight (Utami
& Puspaningtyas, 2013). Bay leaves can function as a
larvicide. Bay leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenoids,
tannins, saponins (Perdana
et al ., 2018).
Saponins can disrupt the
insect's digestive system (Fatimah et al ., 2004), flavonoids can affect
the insect's respiratory system or as respiratory poisons, alkaloids can
disrupt the insect's nervous system (Cania
& Setyaningrum, 2013) . The total flavonoid content
of bay leaves is not less than 1.14 % (Ministry of Health of the Republic of
Indonesia, 2017).
Aedes aegypti is a type of
mosquito that carries the dengue virus and can cause dengue fever. The dengue
virus is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes genus mosquito .
The Aedes Aegypti mosquito is currently still the main vector or carrier
of dengue fever (Sukmawati, 2022) . The Aedes mosquito is a mosquito that is often found in
tropical and sub-tropical areas. Aedes mosquitoes can cause dangerous
diseases such as dengue fever and jaundice (Adifian et al ., 2013). Aedes aegypti just like other mosquitoes. Aedes
aegypti undergoes a complete metamorphosis life cycle consisting of egg,
larva (instar I-IV), pupa, imago (adult mosquito) (Febritasari
et al ., 2016) .
Aedes aegypti mosquito prefers to be active
indoors, or is called endophilic. Aedes aegypti is anthropophilic and
only female mosquitoes suck blood. The Aedes aegypti mosquito usually
sucks blood in the morning at 08.00 � 11.00 WIB and in the afternoon at 15.00 �
17.00 WIB (Sudibyo, 2016).
Dengue hemorrhagic fever is an
infectious disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted through
the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito . This disease can attack
everyone and can cause death, especially children and often causes outbreaks
(Soegijanto S, 2012).
This research is experimental
research. This research uses a true experimental research method with a posttest
with control group design, namely measuring the effect of concentration
treatment on the experimental group by comparing the group with the control
group.
This research was conducted at
the Entomology Laboratory of the Center for Environmental Health Engineering
and Disease Control (BBTKLPP) Yogyakarta from May to June 2023. The object of
this research was third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae obtained at
the Entomology Laboratory of the Center for Environmental Health Engineering
and Disease Control. (BBTKLPP) Yogyakarta.
Making bay leaf juice by
weighing the bay leaves, and washing them clean, then drying them, after the
bay leaves are dry, then grind them using a blender and make a 1:1 ratio by
weighing 2.5 kg of bay leaves then adding 2,500 ml of distilled water and after
that let stand for 1 hour then filtered.
Maintenance of mosquito larvae
by transferring mosquito larvae into plastic cups containing water from their
habitat. If the water from their habitat is lacking, rainwater, wells or
mineral water can be added; Feeding mosquito larvae with cat food pellets; Clean
the surface of the water if there is dirt. Meanwhile, the research flow is that
third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae are prepared; 250 ml of clean
water was prepared as a negative control; Several concentrations were made,
namely 4%, 8%, 16%, 20%, 32%, 64% and 80%. A total of 25 third instar Aedes
aegypti larvae were put into each concentration container. Each treatment
was made in 2 repetitions and observed for 24 hours. III instar Aedes
aegypti mosquito larvae that were thought to be dead were touched using a
pipette. If the larvae did not move, were stiff, black and had no response, it
meant the larvae were dead. The data obtained were analyzed using one way ANOVA
analysis of variance to test mean differences between groups or types of
treatment.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
bay leaf juice to third instar Aedes
aegypti mosquito larvae showed that the larvae died after being exposed to
bay leaf juice for 24 hours. Larval mortality is observed in Table 1.
Table
1. Number of deaths of third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae in bay
leaf juice after 24 hours.
|
Treatment |
Number of Larvae |
Death of Mosquito larvae |
Total Deaths |
Mean (tail) |
|
|
P1 |
P2 |
||||
|
Negative
control |
25 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
4% |
25 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
8% |
25 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
2 |
|
16% |
25 |
1 |
4 |
5 |
3 |
|
20% |
25 |
11 |
9 |
20 |
10 |
|
32% |
25 |
4 |
2 |
6 |
3 |
|
64% |
25 |
4 |
8 |
12 |
6 |
|
80% |
25 |
12 |
15 |
27 |
14 |
Based on Table 1, bay leaf
juice at a concentration of 80% is able to kill third instar Aedes aegypti
mosquito larvae with an average of 14 out of 25 larvae. The highest
concentration of bay leaf juice was able to cause the most larval deaths. To
determine the effect of different concentrations of bay leaf juice on larval
mortality, a one-way ANOVA analysis of variance test was carried out .
The one way ANOVA analysis of variance test was determined after the
data normality test showed that the data was normally distributed.
The results of the data
normality test in this study show that the data is normally distributed with a
significance value of 0.580. Furthermore, the results of the ANOVA test show
that there is an effect of providing various concentrations of treatment on the
death of third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae with a significance
value of 0.002 as shown in Table 2.
Table
2. Data normality test and ANOVA test
|
Concentration treatment with
bay leaf juice |
Number of Larvae |
Death of Mosquito larvae |
Ρ1 |
P2 |
|
|
P1 |
P2 |
||||
|
Negative
control |
25 |
0 |
0 |
0.580 |
0.002 |
|
4% |
25 |
1 |
0 |
|
|
|
8% |
25 |
1 |
3 |
|
|
|
16% |
25 |
1 |
4 |
|
|
|
20% |
25 |
11 |
9 |
|
|
|
32% |
25 |
4 |
2 |
|
|
|
64% |
25 |
4 |
8 |
|
|
|
80% |
25 |
12 |
15 |
|
|
��������� Ρ1 significance value of data
normality test > 0.05
��������� P2 ANOVA test significance value <
0.05
Discussion
The difference in concentration
of dsun salam feelings can kill third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. In
line with Ali
& Mulyati (2021) stated that bay leaf extract at
a concentration of 2% can kill larvae with an average death of 8 individuals
(33.6%). Windari et
al. (2021) stated that bay leaf extract at
a concentration of 20 ml/200 ml could cause the death of 4 larvae. Waskito
& Cahyati (2018) stated that bay leaf extract in
granule form at a concentration of 15 mg/ml can kill 10 mosquito larvae.
Third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito
larvae in this study was thought to be due to the active compound content in
bay leaf juice. Bay leaves are known to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics,
triterpenoids, tannins, saponins (Prime et al., 2018). The flavonoid
content in bay leaves is known to function as a respiratory poison (Muta'ali
& Purwani, 2015), this can be seen from the position of the larva's body
which was originally normal to change to abnormal. Changes that occur in the
larvae can be caused by flavonoids that enter through the siphon and cause
damage so that the larvae must align their position with the surface of the
water with the aim of making it easier for the larvae to take in oxygen (Cania
& Setyaningrum, 2013) .
The one-way ANOVA analysis of variance stated
that bay leaf juice in various concentrations had a significant effect and
caused the death of third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. A 16%
concentration of bay leaf juice caused 12% larval death.
According to WHO (2005), a larvicide
concentration is considered effective if it can cause the death of test larvae
of around 10-95%.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of
research conducted regarding the effect of bay leaf juice (Syzygium
polyanthum (Wight)) on the death of third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito
larvae , it can be concluded that bay leaf juice has a significant effect on
the death of third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae . A
concentration of 16% is an effective concentration in killing third instar Aedes
aegypti mosquito larvae. Meanwhile, the suggestion from the research that
has been carried out is to use positive control as a comparison
���������
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