Construction of Reality and Social Criticism in the Frame of
Online Media (Framing Analysis of News on the Kanjuruhan
Football Tragedy in Tempo Online Magazine October 10-16 2022 Edition)
Dela Sulistiyawan Junior
Department of Communication Studies, Universitas Gadjah
Mada, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
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Keywords |
ABSTRACT |
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Framing Pan & Kosicki, Tempo Online Magazine, Kanjuruhan
Tragedy, Construction of Reality, Social Criticism |
The rapid development of social media
provides easy access to unlimited information and freedom of information.
Access to the internet allows every individual to access a variety of
available information. Information about the Kanjuruhan
football tragedy which caused many fatalities is an interesting topic for the
media to cover. The methodology used in this research is framing analysis
developed by Pan and Kosicky, while the approach
adopted is a qualitative approach. The findings obtained from this
investigation are that Tempo online magazine's reporting on the tragedy was
critical, informative and very provocative. These indications can be seen
from the results of the framing analysis carried out, namely in the framing
of the main news: in the Kanjuruhan tragedy there
were errors and omissions caused by the security team (either the political
committee or police officers), syntactic elements: strengthening the main
framing by using unbalanced quotes from sources and the news writer has too
many opinions, script elements: strengthening the news, the How element to reduce
the why element, thematic elements: there are 5 big themes in the news as
material for the news writer, rhetorical elements: the use of cover photos
and several graphics and words used to emphasize elements of news that seem
hyperbolic and provocative. Furthermore, it can be concluded by researchers
that Tempo Online magazine constructs reality for the purposes of social
criticism to the Kanjuruhan tragedy competition
committee and the government, especially the Indonesian National Police, in
reporting through a framing process. |
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INTRODUCTION
The
relationship between humans and the mass media is very close. The mass media
plays an important role in conveying information to people about matters
related to themselves, other people, and the environment. In this modern era,
every human being is very dependent on the mass media and needs it to get
information. According to George Gerbner, the mass
media has become a form of religion that is widely recognized by today's
society. It is not surprising that McQuail stated
that the media is an information channel that allows individuals to see events
happening in the outside world (Ishanan, 2019).
Several
forms of media that are currently popularly used by the public include print
media such as newspapers and magazines, electronic media such as television and
radio, and online media such as websites and social media platforms. The rapid
development of technology and information in recent years has changed people's
preferences in choosing communication channels, with online media becoming an
increasingly popular choice. This phenomenon is the main reason why
conventional communication has changed to become more modern and digital (Bungin, 2008).
According
to Kumala (2022), with technological advances, we can
now obtain various information quickly even though not all of it is accurate
with the actual situation because it is responded to by various media. One of
the media that currently provides various kinds of information quickly is
online media. Online media is the third generation of mass media after print
media and electronic media which provides various information via the internet.
In
carrying out its role, the mass media does not operate in an isolated, free or
independent manner, but is bound by social reality. There are various interests
involved in the mass media, or in other words, there is a battle between
"ideologies" in it (Basit, Abdul, 2007).
The
basic principle is that the ideological orientation of a press institution
significantly influences the characteristics of the news it publishes. However,
at the same time, it is important to remember that criticism of press
institutions always reflects problems that arise and are felt by society in
general. Therefore, it requires not only the intelligence of journalists in
conveying criticism, but also the intelligence of the government and state
administrators in carrying out evaluations and introspection in order to sort
out incoming criticism. Moreover, criticism, no matter how bad it may seem, must
have significant informational value (Ishanan, 2019).
In the
process of identifying ideological trends, it is important to consider the
presence of relevant issues. The study of each of these cases or issues
involves various abstractions and groupings by the individuals involved.
According to Edelman, quoted by Eriyanto, the
categorization process is basically a creative and reconstructive process which
is important to give a reasonable and rational impression, so that it can
change a person's views or attitudes. In general, the reality observed is
similar, it's just that differences in the language used to describe the
reality can influence a person's perception when seeing and interpreting the
reality (Eriyanto, 2008).
In the
context of selecting issues and framing news from a media, one of the
interesting issues to study is the issue of the football tragedy at Kanjuruhan Stadium in Malang which left 132 supporters
dead. This tragedy not only became a trending topic in Indonesia in early
October 2022, but also became a trending topic worldwide. Various international
news sites reported on the tragedy with various news framing. (https://www.republika.co.id/berita/rj4efl485/tragedi-stadion-kanjuruhan-diberitakan-di-settle-dunia
accessed on 16 October 2022 at 15.47)
In this
incident, the FIFA President also responded to the Kanjuruhan
tragedy which resulted in many fatalities in the match between Arema FC and Persebaya Surabaya.
FIFA jointly expressed its condolences for the tragedy that occurred in Kanjuruhan. In addition, it was decided that all
international football matches must observe a moment of silence as an
expression of prayer for the victims of this tragedy. (https://m.merdeka.com/sepakbola/bolacom/pernyataan-besar-presiden-fifa-terkait-tragedi-kanjuruhan.html
accessed on 16 October 2022 at 15.50)
News
about the Kanjuruhan case was almost published in all
online media in Indonesia, with various different frames, because the public
was very interested in this incident. Likewise with one of the online portals
https://majalah.tempo.co/ which also reported on the tragedy. Researchers chose
magazines.tempo.co as the research object because as part of the Tempo Media
Group and magazines.tempo.co has been involved in the world of journalism for a
long time.
Apart
from that, the Tempo Media Group is known as a media that dares to publish
criticism of the government, by obtaining the right data and choosing reliable
sources in the research process. In fact, in 1982, Tempo magazine experienced
its first ban because it was considered too critical of the New Order regime.
The second ban occurred on June 21 1994 when the government through the
Minister of Information Harmoko decided to ban Tempo
magazine. (https://www.tempo.id/corporate.php accessed on 16 October 2022 at
16.10).
Another
and most important reason related to this research is that magazines.tempo.co
is the only online portal that has created a special column with a magazine
focus cover for the 10 October - 16 October 2022 issue about the Kanjuruhan tragedy. In this special column there are
several main reports related to interesting topics related to the Kanjuruhan tragedy.
In
reporting, the media has a frame, the media has an important role in selecting
and reporting news. The perspective or point of view used will influence the
facts given, the parts emphasized or omitted, and the purpose of the news. In
more detail, framing is a strategy used by journalists in selecting and
compiling issues that will be made into news. In this framing process, journalists
will choose a particular point of view or perspective that will be used to
compile the story. Thus, the perspective or point of view used will influence
the facts chosen, the parts that are highlighted or omitted, and the direction
that will be taken in the reporting. (Sobur, 2011).
Media
news will be significantly affected by the ideology attached to the media.
Differences in media construction can be seen in the way they report an issue,
due to differences in the ideology underlying the media. The media has a
subjective point of view in conveying news. Framing analysis is a research
method that focuses on mass media and is based on social construction theory.
This theory states that the reality seen or read through the mass media is not
the actual reality, but is the result of a construction process by the media.
This theory was introduced by Peter L. Berger, an interpretive sociologist, who
argued that the concept of reality is formed scientifically and is not
something handed down by God, but instead, reality is formed and constructed by
humans. (Eriyanto, 2011).
The
method of framing analysis is always widely used by researchers and the issue
of tragedy in football is always interesting to study. However, currently no
research has been found that focuses on framing analysis associated with
tragedy, especially in football. The closest research using the keywords
"framing" and "football" was carried out by Pratama et al
(2022) regarding framing analysis regarding Lionel Messi's move from Barcelona
to PSG carried out by bola.com and bolasport.com, there are similarities in the
reports of Messi's arrival at PSG between bola.com and bolasport.com.
Another
close research is that conducted by Sandi, et al (2022) "Analysis of Detik.com's Online Media Framing in Reporting Victims of
Beatings by Bobotoh" shows that Detik.com has
portrayed HS too in-depth, including his personal life, which violates the
victim's privacy. Researchers recommend that Detik.com understand and follow
the Cyber Media Reporting Guidelines in its journalistic practices.
The
limitation of the two studies above is that researchers have not seen the
relationship between framing in the construction of reality and social
criticism in reporting. Me d ia
has an important role in forming meaning. Fundamentally, media work involves
the task of reality construction, where the diverse realities presented in the
field are collected and selected for construction, while others are ignored.
Because of its ability to construct reality, the media has a significant
influence in providing understanding and images to society as a result of its
construction.
Bearing
this in mind, this study is intended to examine how Pan and Kosicky's
framing model was used in framing the coverage of the Kanjuruhan
Football Tragedy in Tempo.co Online Magazine for the period 10 October - 16
October 2022. Apart from that, this observation also aims to see how a media
constructs reality and social criticism. Through framing. This research is also
expected to be able to contribute to increasing understanding of how to present
the news. And can broaden people's insight to better understand what the media
is in packaging news and can be a reference for the media in conveying neutral
news.
METHOD
In this
research, a qualitative approach was taken where the data collected was not in
the form of numbers, but came from sources such as field notes, personal
documents, memos and other official documents. The purpose of this research is
to describe and understand the phenomena experienced by research subjects
through descriptive methods and qualitative approaches. In this research, data
will be collected using words and language which will be analyzed to gain a
deeper understanding of empirical reality and its relationship with existing theory
(Moleong, 2014).
In the
view of Boghdan and Taylor (cited in Moleong, 2014), a qualitative method is a research method
that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words
originating from individuals and observable behavior. Rachmat
Kriyantono, (2014) revealed that research that
utilizes qualitative descriptive methods also has the aim of forming
propositions or revealing the meaning behind the observed phenomena. This kind
of research seeks to see events that occur in the real world and present the
findings obtained from the research.
In terms
of research techniques, researchers utilized Pan and Kosicki's
framing analysis method. The subject of this research took the subject and
primary data source from magazine.tempo.co regarding the Kanjuruhan
football tragedy period 10 October - 16 October 2022. In the period above there
were 5 news stories picked up by magz.tempo.co, but the researcher only took 1
news story, this was selected by the researcher because only that news was
suitable for analysis because it had a complete news structure and was in
accordance with research topic. Researchers will analyze the headline published
by the online media tempo.co �Deadly Shots of Expired Tear Gas�.
Framing
analysis is used to study stakeholders in a hierarchy of power, groups who
benefit and groups who lose, parties who carry out oppression and parties who
are victims of oppression, as well as policies that receive or do not receive
support. (Eriyanto, 2011). The Pan and Kosicki framing analysis method was chosen because this
method is known to be very suitable for studying problems related to this
issue. This method has the advantage of conducting a comprehensive analysis of
the coverage provided by the media under study.
There
are four tools used by Pan and Kosicki to analyze
framing, namely syntactic, script, thematic, and rhetorical. One of the framing
principles states that journalists can implement certain standards of truth,
objectivity and boundaries in processing and presenting news (Eriyanto, 2011).
Tempo.co magazine, which acts as a
media that has a wide reach, demonstrates an analytical approach in reporting
the tragic incident in Kanjuruhan by examining all
matters related to the disaster, the policies adopted by the government, as
well as the aspects of power involved. Tempo.co magazine can be called
a media that is not only informative and educative, but also provocative in
nature with the intention to provide understanding to the public so that they
are aware of the problems that are currently happening.
In the
context of reporting
on the Kanjuruhan football tragedy, Pan and Kosicki's Framing Model analysis was used to analyze how
the media reported the incident:
A. Syntactic Structure
1.
Title
The
title is the most important element in a story because it functions as an
identity. As such an identity, the position and reputation of the media that
publishes it, broadcasts it, or shows it is at stake. In fact, the integrity
and capabilities of the media as a whole can be reflected in the headlines they
write. A mass media that has a reputation and high integrity will ensure that
the headlines it produces comply with its capacity standards. Their goal is to
be seen as an intellectual, proportionate, and professional source of news. In
addition, they also want to be appreciated and respected as a mass media that
has an educational function. The mass media do not want to be blamed for using
non-standard words and terms in their titles, they realize that the mass media has
a function as an educator who always sets a good example. This function should
also be reflected in the news titles and articles presented by the mass media (Juwito, 2008).
Titles
play an important role in identifying information. High quality news will lose
meaning if it is not given the right title. The significance of the news
headline can be interpreted through two important views. First, in terms of the
news itself, without a title it will make it unidentifiable, unknown and
abstract so that it does not have any meaning. This will hinder his ability to
convey the message that is at the heart of communication. Second, from the
reader's perspective, news headlines play an important role. The headline is
the main factor that attracts readers to read, or even just skip it. An
effective news headline must meet the following seven criteria: (1) have
provocative elements, (2) be short and concise, (3) relate to a relevant topic,
(4) have a clear function, (5) use formal language, (6) represent the content of
the news as a whole, and (7) use standard language (Sumadiria,
2004).
Magazine.tempo.co
chose a title related to reporting on the provocative case. The researcher saw
two provocative titles, namely the title of the news being researched at this
time, namely "Expired Tear Gas Deadly Shot" and the title on the
cover of the magazine, namely "One of the Commands in Kanjuruhan".
Without realizing it, the news writer seemed to highlight and highlight that
the Kanjuruhan tragedy referred to a mistake on the
part of the authorities, in this case the police because the word
"commando" is a word that refers to the military/police world. It's
different, for example, if the word command is replaced by the word command,
then the reader will wonder whose order this is, because the word command is a
more general word.
Apart
from that, in making this title it looks like the news is exaggerated. The use
of the word "death" in the title tends to give a negative connotation
and seems very dangerous. This, as expressed by Thussu
(2007), is that more attention is focused on things that are horrendous, scary
and considered "crazy" rather than factual news. Media presents
information that is considered important by the public or audience, as well as
content that is considered interesting and can increase popularity and income.
2.
Leads
The news
headline is the initial paragraph that conveys the main facts or information in
the context of journalism. News core functions include seeking the reader's
attention, providing recognition, linking with other information, and giving
credence. To prevent the possibility of invalid news appearing, it is necessary
to clarify these functions so that every journalist, including reporters and
editors, always pays attention to them and pays attention to them. (Juwito, 2008).
The lead
in the news read: "The Kanjuruhan Stadium
Tragedy Started with a Messy Police Chain of Command. Triggered by Tear Gas
Shots towards the Tribune� The author of the lead news story at magz.tempo.co
also seemed provocative and exaggerated. If in the news writer's headline the
previous title said it was not clear whose command it was, in the lead it was
further emphasized that it was a command from the police, the news writer
claimed that the command that occurred was a mess but whether it was proven to
be a mess would of course have to wait for further investigation.
Apart
from that, news writers at magazine.tempo.co prioritize the use of how leads
and often include their personal opinions in creating their news leads. This
shows that magazine/tempo.co wants to highlight the value of information. Thus,
the value of news lies in the substance of the events that occurred, not in the
identity of the informant.
In the
field of journalism, there is the phrase "news is disaster" which
means that news is anything related to disasters. Disasters always attract
attention wherever they occur, whether they are surprising or have terrible
impacts such as the tsunami tragedy in Aceh (Juwito,
2008).
The
selection of a lead or news opener based on considerations about how an event
occurred, the solution steps to be taken, or how to deal with a problem, is
considered to have higher news value than other elements, namely the
perpetrator (who), a description of what happened (what), determining the time
of the incident (when), the location of the incident (where), and the reasons
behind the incident (why).
3.
Background
information
According
to researchers, magazine.tempo.co, from the beginning of the report, in the
process of making the news, had background information that errors and
omissions lay with the security team (both the political committee and police
officers) so that the quotes taken by the sources referred to this big theme. This
is done with the aim of strengthening the title and introduction that has been
made before.
Based on
this information, there is a possibility that there was an attempt to damage
the reputation of the police and the implementation team in the incident. Majalah.tempo.co
focuses on omissions/errors in the background information of each publication. This
is in accordance with Assegaf's research, (1991) which
states that with the information conveyed, readers cannot obtain evidence of
unusual information, even the information obtained tends to be boring and creates
fear. In fact, extraordinary or strange things will always attract human
attention.
4.
Source
Citations, Statements of Fact and Opinions
Quotes
from sources used by magz.tempo.co as a source of news information directly
related to the subject of the news obtained from various sources, according to
researchers, there are too many so that readers will be confused about
interpreting the news. Researchers analyzed 15 sources whose statements were
quoted. Then the researcher concluded that there were 9 sources who tended to
blame the security team and the match committee. There were 4 speakers from the
political committee and the police and 2 neutral sources. This scheme has
certainly been seen to place the panel and the police in a less prominent role,
but also in the minority among other views. In fact, according to Rosentiel, (2003) maintaining a balance of information is
important in every journalistic activity to avoid information bias.
In this
research, it can be observed that magazine.tempo.co tends to use statements
from news sources in compiling its news. But the researchers also saw that
there were quite a lot of statements of fact and opinion used by news writers.
The researchers analyzed that one third of the news was written statements of
fact and opinion. Not to mention that there are still many quotes from sources
that are only quoted a little, used at the end of the paragraph, with the
initial paragraph being a statement of fact/or opinion from the news writer, so
the source is used to strengthen the statement of fact/opinion from the news
writer.
For
greater clarity, the researcher provides several examples of news paragraphs.
One of them is the following paragraph:
�At
around 21.39 W1B, the referee blew the long whistle. The match ended with a
score of 2-3 in favor of Persebaya. Persebaya players went straight to the dressing room under
the VIP stands on the west side of the stadium. Meanwhile, Arema
players and officials stayed on the field. "After 23 years, this is the
first time Arema has lost at home against Persebaya."
The news
paragraph above is an example of a fact statement from a news writer, according
to the conditions that occur in the field. Facts that are true can be proven
with valid data, for example the fact of the final result of the match and the
fact that Arema's defeat was the first to be kicked
by Persebaya.
"Hundreds
of police who guarded the stadium considered Aremania's
actions a threat. Moreover, the number of supporters who take to the field is
increasing."
The news
paragraph above is an example of an opinion statement from a news writer, the
phrase "consider it a threat" is a form of opinion whose truth is not
yet known, the news writer did not interview the police whether it was true
that it was considered a form of threat from the police officers on duty.
�The
police believe the Arema vs Persebaya match committee is
guilty. As chairman of the committee, Haris was
considered responsible for the Kanjuruhan Stadium
tragedy. "He ignored police advice and did not produce safety and security
documents before holding the match," said General Listyo.
�
The news
paragraph above is an example of an opinion statement from a news writer which
is supported by the source's statement. In delivering its communications, magazine.tempo.co
appears to act as an intermediary in communication, with the source as the
party conveying the message and the reader as the party receiving the message.
This indicates that magazine.tempo.co really fulfills its function as a media
that is critical and informative but also provocative because the various
sources clash sharply in the news with the addition of statements of facts and
opinions from news writers.
In the
field of journalism, a theological approach can often result in a lack of
awareness among media actors regarding the social phenomena that should be
communicated. Therefore, critical reflection is needed on the application of
deontological moral principles. Deontological ethics is a principle that guides
communication practitioners. This principle emphasizes the importance of
carrying out obligations sincerely without expecting anything in return. In
this deontological view, the processes and requirements that enable the
attainment of goodness or virtue are of utmost concern. When evaluating the
moral value of an action or activity, the principles on which it is based must
be considered without regard to possible consequences. This means that moral
values are intrinsic and universal (Choliq, Abdul, 2011).
5.
Closing
At the
end of the news, there is a summary containing the author's interpretation,
recommendation or opinion regarding the main problem being expressed as a guide
for readers. (Juwito , 20 08 ). The analysis unit for closing the news in Tempo.co
magazine is compiled using fact statements which are then strengthened by news
sources. Covers on magazine.tempo.co tend to be more closed.
To
clarify, the researcher provides an example. In the news researched, even
though it is one news story, there are two major themes in the reporting so
there are two concluding paragraphs, the data can be seen below:
�This
incident has made a number of state agencies investigate the Kanjuruhan Stadium tragedy. National Human Rights
Commission, Protection Agency the Rl Ombudsman, the
Indonesian Football Association Investigation Team, as well as a joint
independent fact-finding team formed by the Coordinating Ministry for Politics,
Law and Security also went to Malang. "Tragedies occur because of unclear
lines of command," said Komnas HAM Commissioner
Mohammad Choirul Anam. � (first
cover)
"The
PSSI Disciplinary Commission has imposed sanctions on Abdul Haris,
Suko Sutrisno, and Arema FC management. Haris and Suko are prohibited from managing football in Indonesia. Arema FC management was fined Rp.
250 million. For the next year, Arema matches are
prohibited from being attended by sponsors. They are only allowed to hold
matches as close as 250 kilometers from Malang. "If it's not made
worse," said PSSI Disciplinary Commission Chairman Erwin Tobing (second cover).
The news
paragraph above is an example of a closed paragraph, starting with a statement
of fact and then supporting it with a quote from the source. In this case the
reader is not given the opportunity to draw conclusions but is immediately
invited to follow the conclusion that the party and the security committee were
at fault in this tragedy. According to Al Fitri (2006), a closed closing
approach refers to the method of using source statements that have final
characteristics. In this aim, the final view is formed to be presented to
readers without leaving room for them to draw their own conclusions.
News
reports are often composed in narrative form. This is caused by two factors,
first, many news reports try to show connections, where the event being
reported is a continuation of a previous event. Second, news generally has a
goal of connecting the written text with the social context of the reader. The general format of this script is known as 5W+1H,
although it is not always found in every news article, the presence of complete
elements can be an indication of significant framing. In this context,
journalists have a strategy to ensure that the news they write can attract
readers' attention. The emphasis on this storytelling strategy can be
considered as an indicator of the framing to be conveyed (Eriyanto,
2011).
The
researcher analyzed the elements of the 5W+1H script in the magazine.tempo.co
report regarding the Kanjuruhan tragedy. Following
are the results of the analysis:
a.
What
element
This
element is quite clear in the news, namely the news about the Malang Kanjuruhan tragedy case, contained in the news paragraph,
namely: "The tear gas shot ended in disaster."As
of Friday, October 7, the Malang District Health Service recorded that the
death toll from the Kanjuruhan tragedy reached 131
people, around 500 people suffered light to moderate injuries."
b.
where
In this
element, because it is a disaster, the locus is also clearly at the Kanjuruhan Stadium in Malang, as stated in the news
paragraph, namely "A total of 35 tickets in the hands of Simon Zakaria were sold out a week before the football match
between Arema FC and Persebaya
Surabaya was held at the Kanjuruhan Stadium,
Poor"
c.
when
This
element is quite clear in the news, namely October 1, 2022, contained in the
news paragraph, namely: �With great joy, they came to the stadium on
Saturday afternoon, another 1 October. Simon, 38 years old, also brought his
wife. They watched from the East Stand.
d.
Who
�In this element, magazine.tempo.co in
reporting on football tragedies, researchers analyze that news writers have
carried out news framing, because in this element, apart from focusing on the
who element on the victims (supporters), the who element in the news also
focuses on sources more came from elements of the government (both sources who
were suspected of being guilty or sources who corroborated the mistake). So
that It is clear that magazine.tempo.co builds social
criticism towards the parties involved, both good and bad, in relation to the
tragedy. The emphasis on elements of the match committee and the government (the
police) as who in the news shows that there are provocative and critical
messages in the practice of journalism..
e.
why
In this
element, magazine.tempo.co in reporting on the football tragedy , researchers
analyzed that to support the framing related to who, the news writer has done a
big framing on this why element, a lot of information that should be important
and may also have a big role in the tragedy is not given a large portion, it
was actually eliminated.
An
example of a researcher's analysis, for example, if from the start the big
framing suspects that many victims were caused by tear gas, the portion of the
news about why the police fired tear gas should have been enlarged or
increased, as seen in the following paragraph:
�Several policemen
fired tear gas at the fans who were scattered on the pitch. They ran
helter-skelter towards the stands. The tear gas shots ended in disaster.
"As of last Friday, October 7, the Malang District Health Service recorded
that the death toll from the Kanjuruhan tragedy
reached 131 people, around 500 people suffered light to moderate
injuries."
�Most victims were
found at Doors 9 to 14 in the South Stand. They were allegedly crushed to death
while trying to get out of the stadium. Some doors are locked. Meanwhile, other
doors only opened less than a meter due to being hampered by iron. Video
footage of spectators trapped in closed doors is also circulating on social
media."
From the
paragraph above, it is clear that tear gas was fired and the number of closed
doors resulted in many deaths. News writers should have explored more deeply
the motives of the police for firing the gas and why many doors were closed
because they were blocked by iron so that people who read could has broad and
deep information. In its capacity as a major media entity, magazine.tempo.co
should be able to produce more consistent and accurate news, so that readers
can achieve a clearer understanding of the information conveyed in every news
story they read.
f.
How
In this
element, magazine.tempo.co is deep reporting on the Kanjuruhan
football tragedy , researchers analyzed that this element is too excessive, the
researcher's analysis of this how element can even make up half of the news
itself, the news writer wants to take the reader to see the chaotic conditions
that occurred at the Kanjuruhan stadium and emphasize
that the conditions at that time were truly very chaotic, worrying, tense and
even full of sorrow reinforced by many supporting news photos totaling 4, all
of which support this condition. The following news writer attached the photos:
�
Apart
from that, in this how element, researchers analyzed news writers who
deliberately reproduced it to minimize the why element so that readers did not
focus on the why element and were more invited to share their concern and mourn
over the tragedy.
c. Thematic structure
(sentences, propositions, relationships between sentences).
Magazine.tempo.co
is thematically deep reporting on the Kanjuruhan
football tragedy, the researcher analyzed that this element has 5 major themes
that support the main theme. These major themes include: 1. the number of
victims of the tragedy 2. The chronology of the tragedy 3. Social criticism of
the Panpel and Police 4. Government organizations
flocking to investigate 5. Supporters as victims and not the guilty party.
Researchers
also found that the news data amounted to 44 paragraphs of news, with details
of 31 paragraphs of source quotes and 13 paragraphs of statements of fact and
opinion. According to the researcher, this is an imbalance and has been
explained in the syntactic elements.
Then,
regarding the elements of relationships between sentences, in making news
reports, magazine.tempo.co is still not good, there are many paragraph
placements that are like information that stands alone and is not sequential in
explaining the problem. The process of moving between paragraphs does not have
smooth coherence and some do not even have coherence.
To clarify the above
analysis, the researcher provides detailed paragraphs:
Aremania FC manager, Ali Fikri,
regretted the excessive actions of the security forces. According to him, the
presence of fans should be handled without violence. After all, the fans'
descent onto the field was not to injure Arema's
players. They hugged a number of players, such as Sergio Silva and Johan Alfarisi, as a form of showing support for the defeat to Persebaya. �I saw them give motivation with one heart, one
soul. Keep up the enthusiasm," Ali said, imitating the words of a
supporter who came to the players.
Komnas HAM commissioner
Mohammad Choirul Anam
assessed that the Kanjuruhan Stadium tragedy was
getting out of control because the commando ticked swimmers. He highlighted the
presence of the Malang police chief Adjunct Commissioner Ferli
Hidayat when the riots broke out. The former member
of the National Police Chief's Personal Staff was not in the field. Previously,
he was in the VIP stands. After the match, he accompanied the Persebaya players and officials out of the stadium using a
police armored tactical vehicle. "As a result, each field leader takes
their own discretion," said Anam.
In the
paragraph above, at the beginning it opens with a statement that the Arema manager argues that he regrets the excessive actions
of the officers and the fans who came out on the field not to cause injury, the
next paragraph, the Commissioner of Komnas HAM argues
about wrong command, according to the researcher's analysis this is not
related. Apart from that, there are still many things that are placed
incorrectly and come out repeatedly, such as the opinion of the Komnas HAM Commissioner arguing that this wrong command was
issued at the beginning of the paragraph and then issued again in the middle of
the paragraph.
Another
interesting analysis is the dwarfing of the sources, as contained in the
following paragraphs:
Chairman of the Arema FC-Persebaya organizing
committee. Abdul Haris, rejected the notion that
ticket sales exceeded the capacity of the audience seats. He claims that the Kanjuruhan Stadium can accommodate 45 thousand people
because it was not designed with a single seat. All the spectator seats in the
stands are flat, elongated concrete benches. �It's still worth it,� he said.
The decision to
appoint Haris as chairman of the committee was also
controversial. The PSSI Disciplinary Commission punished Haris
in 2010. He was deemed responsible for the chaos between players in the Arema FC versus Persema Malang
match.
Haris claimed that the
sanctions were annulled when he submitted an appeal. However, Haris' claim was denied by the head of the Disciplinary
Commission at the time, Hinca Panjaitan.
"I have never whitewashed the sanction decision for him," he said.
The
process of stunting the resource persons occurred in the sources who were also
the main suspect in the tragedy, namely Abdul Haris
as the organizing committee. At the beginning of the paragraph the news writer
included the opinion of Abdul Haris as the main
suspect for covering both sides, but in the second paragraph he included data
about his suitability as chairman of the panel which was controversial because
he had actually been convicted. Then Abdul Haris was
given the opportunity to refute by assuming that he had filed an appeal, but
the news writer hit back with a rebuttal opinion that the disciplinary commission
had never whitewashed a witness.
From the
placement of these facts, it is very clear that the news writer cornered Abdul Haris, how could he officiate the match if he had
previously been sanctioned. It seems that the news writer wanted to show readers
that the figure of Abdul Haris was not worthy to be
chairman of the committee, so this tragedy occurred.
The last
thing that researchers also criticize is. The function of the media as a good
educator is not given by magazine.tempo.co, from the start of the news
according to the researchers there should have been 2 (who) who were also given
more portion in the news namely the supporters themselves and PSSI. The news
writer did not provide data on the relationship between the two who
participated in contributing to the tragedy. The frame of the news writer is
only supporters as victims and given statements of defense and PSSI as an
organization that will give sanctions with various statements.
News
writers should also see that these supporters must also be given education that
their actions in entering the field were wrong, even the results of the
fact-finding team obtained data that they carried out disgraceful actions,
quoted from the news below:
NEWS WRITER'S VERSION:
�Aremania FC manager, Ali Fikri, regrets
the excessive actions of the security forces. According to him, the presence of
supporters should be handled without violence. Moreover, the supporters came
onto the field not to hurt the Arema players. They
hugged a number of players, such as Sergio Silva and Johan Alfarisi,
as a form of support for the defeat to Persebaya. �I
saw them providing motivation with one heart and one soul. Keep up the
enthusiasm," said Ali, imitating the words of a supporter who came to the
players.
Five minutes later, a
spectator from the stands jumped over the fence and ran onto the green field.
His behavior was followed by another supporter. "They intended to
encourage the players, not cause chaos," said one of the spectators in the
VIP stands who saw the incident, Totok Prasetyo.
TGIPF VERSION: �In the conclusion
stated by the Joint Independent Fact-Finding Team (TGIPF) on the Kanjuruhan Tragedy, there are three points regarding the
supporters. The first is because the fans broke the rules by going down and
entering the playing field. TGIPF recorded flares from the direction the fans
were thrown into the field. The second point is that fans are considered to
have committed dishonorable actions against security forces before the riots
spread. Namely by uttering provocative words. Then the fans were declared to
have taken action against the officers and even against the Arema
team themselves." (https://www.bola.com/indonesia/read/5097324/tgipf-juangan-3-error-suporter-dalam-tragedi-kanjuruhan
accessed October 18, 14.16)
The data
and facts above are of course very different from what the news writers say
about the fans. If the media does not provide learning, it is feared that
readers will think that it is normal for fans to enter the field so that it
will become a habit and role model for other supporters.
As for
PSSI itself, from the start the news writers actually positioned PSSI as an
organization that has the right to carry out investigations with all its
supporting statements. It was even reported that PSSI had punished the match
committee. In contrast to the results obtained by the fact-finding team, such
as the data below
NEWS WRITER'S VERSION:
The
results of the investigation by the PSSI Disciplinary Commission stated that
this suggestion could not be implemented because the match tickets had already
been sold out. To overcome this, the combined security personnel, which was
originally planned to number a thousand people, was increased to 2,034
personnel. "In the coordination meeting, it was finally agreed that the
number of security personnel would be increased," said member of the PSSI
investigation team, Ahmad Riyadh.
TGIPF VERSION: TGIPF conveyed to the
president that PSSI and the stakeholders of the Indonesian football league must
be held accountable for the Kanjuruhan Tragedy that
occurred in the match between Arema FC and Persebaya Surabaya on October 1 2022. Likewise, TGIPF
called on PSSI and all members of the Executive Committee (Exco)
to resign as an ethical act as a result of the deaths of 132 victims. (https://www.bola.net/indonesia/report-full-tgpif-tragedi-kanjuruhan-124-page-minta-iwan-bule-dan-exco-pssi-mundur-10145a.html
accessed October 18 at 14.38 )
According
to the analysis of news writers, this is like the analogy of "a thief
shouts a thief", it would be better for news writers to also position PSSI
as a candidate for a responsible party as well, as a criticism of PSSI to
reform its organization for the better. It can be concluded that in this
thematic element, news writers or journalists for magazine.tempo.co seem to
make a hypothesis. From the events covered, the sources followed and various
actual statements in order to support the journalist's hypothesis. The thematic
elements used in the reporting are consistent with what was explained by Eriyanto (2011) that these thematic elements are more
closely related to the way journalists place news in writing. Starting from how
sentences are used to placing and writing sources in the text as a whole in
detail and coherence.
d. Rhetorical Structure
(Words, idioms, pictures/photos, graphics)
According
to Eriyanto (2011), the rhetorical structure in news
discourse reflects the choice of style or words used by journalists to
highlight certain meanings. Journalists use rhetorical devices to build an
image and emphasize certain sides, as well as strengthen the image to be
conveyed in a story. The rhetorical structure of the news text also reveals the
tendency that what is stated is the truth. Some of the most significant
elements of rhetorical structure used by journalists are lexicon, selection,
use of special words, and use of pictures or graphics.
Rhetorically,
mag.tempo.co is in reporting on the Kanjuruhan
football tragedy, the researcher analyzed that in this element there is a lot
of rhetoric given by news writers to be included in the news. Researchers
analyze in terms of images or graphics first. Starting from the cover of
magazine.tempo.co with the following picture:
�
By
looking at the magazine cover photo above, the researcher's analysis shows that
magazine.tempo.co seems to want to highlight the figure of the police (with the
image of their shoes and brown uniforms) playing a major role in the tragedy.
Not to mention that his big, jagged shoes and stepping on other shoes shows
that the stamping is rhetoric that the police have the power to control the
security of football matches and that something that is stepped on will
definitely hurt and make something scar (connected to the fact that the tear
gas fired causes a painful effect viewer). Furthermore, the words "WRONG
COMMAND" in large and bold letters add emphasis to the impression that
the police in this tragedy had made a mistake in their command, this was
created by the news writer as reinforcement in the process of social criticism
given to the police.
Another
rhetoric used is the use of graphic images to support the news with the
following graphic images:
By
looking at the magazine cover photo above, the researcher's analysis of looking
at magazine.tempo.co seems to want to highlight that it wants to explain how
the incident made many victims by showing the points of death everywhere and
inviting readers to share in the grief by exploring the moments of the tragedy.
Next,
regarding the choice of words used in the report, there is a lot of rhetoric.
It can be seen from several news paragraphs below (rhetorical words are marked
in bold):
1.
The
headline of the current research is � Deadly Shots of Expired Tear Gas�
2.
Most
of the police and Indonesian National Armed Forces personnel who were on the
southeastern side also pushed into the field. They dispersed the crowd using
batons.
3.
Finally
Eko managed to enter after the outflow of the stadium
died down at all the doors. His brother and sister survived. However, he was
psychologically disturbed when he saw several lifeless bodies, including
children and women, around Gate 13. "It was like a mass grave," he
said.
According
to the researcher's analysis, the use of the word "death" is
excessive, news writers certainly want to emphasize that the shooting was very
powerful, extraordinary, great and even very deadly, resulting in many
fatalities. Even if the word death is removed from the title, its meaning can
still be read.
Tempo's
goal is to become a reference in efforts to increase public freedom of thought
and opinion and to support the development of a society that values
intelligence and diversity. In addition, Tempo is also committed to producing
multimedia products that are independent and free from pressure, as well as
being a fair platform for different voices. It is clear that the reporting on
the Kanjuruhan tragedy case has made Tempo stick its
ideology in accordance with the company's vision and mission by constructing
the reality of the news. The indicator is that while other media are still busy
looking for agenda setting and framing related to the Kanjuruhan
tragedy, the online tempo magazine has dared to make this case the main column
of the magazine with a critical cover and provocative reporting that even tends
to corner the image of the Police and the match committee.
This is
in line with what was expressed by Masrun, et al
(2022) and Scheufele (1997) that media ideology is a
form of ideology that is formed through media structure, so that it can be
recognized through the media's vision and mission. This ideology is embodied or
produced by the media through framing analysis to build news construction. Based
on the framing classification according to Scheufele
(1997), the resulting media frame is the dependent variable, which means that
the existing framing is the result of the perspective of the media
organizations and journalists who involve them.
In addition,
the researcher's analysis that Tempo embedded ideology and carried out reality
construction in the process of reporting on probationary cases turned out to be
in line with the thoughts of Fadilah, et al (2022)
who explained that Tempo media needed this perspective to design news
narratives with various constructions of reality that give organizational
identity to audience. The news presented by Tempo is influenced by their media
ideology which is in accordance with their vision to become a reference in
increasing people's freedom of expression and building an archipelago that
values intelligence and diversity. Tempo effectively uses its media ideology to
produce various facts and news topics in its journalism practices (Fadilah, et al, 2022).
Apart from
that, Tempo is known as the media which always reports negative and critical
things related to the Police. The findings from Tayipnapis'
research (2019) on Police Reporting in Tempo Magazine stated that the police
often blacken their image by the print media, especially Tempo, by pointing out
weaknesses in the police organization. Meanwhile, according to Kartika (2014),
negative perceptions of the image of the police still exist because there are
many satirical photos that damage the reputation of the police, while photos
that show the human side of the police are still lacking.
Lastly,
is an analysis related to the reporting of probationary cases whether there is
an element of social criticism contained in the news.
According to the researcher's analysis of the results of the framing analysis
that has been carried out, there are several elements of framing where the
direction of the news tends to corner the political committee and the police,
even giving a negative impression and of course indirectly this will represent
a social criticism of an organization or community.
This is
in line with the thoughts of Akbar (1997), who informed that the press has a
normative function in society, one of which is as a means of social control by
conveying social criticism. Social criticism also means the press as a medium
for conveying social aspirations, namely the aspirations of society. Likewise,
the mass media uses social criticism as a strategy to make itself a tool for
society to lighten social burdens, releasing their anxieties, concerns, even
anger. This social criticism is carried out by the media by using framing in
the news, to form a construction of social reality.
CONCLUSION
In
analyzing the provided data, it can be concluded that the report on the Kanjuruhan Stadium tragedy has several critical aspects.
There are two main themes in the report. Firstly, it focuses on the mistakes
and criticisms towards the event organizing committee and the police. Secondly,
the report highlights the impact of the tragedy on the victims and the
restrictions imposed on Arema FC. Furthermore, the
report employs various rhetorical elements, including powerful images and
words, to influence the reader's perception. This is evident in the cover image
highlighting the words "WRONG COMMAND" and the excessive use of the
word "death" to describe the severity of the tragedy. Additionally,
the report shows social criticism towards the organizations involved,
especially the event organizing committee and the police. Emphasizing their
errors and criticisms can be seen as part of the media's role as a tool for
social control and conveying societal aspirations. However, the report also has
some weaknesses, such as an imbalance in the use of source quotations and a
lack of balance in presenting facts. Moreover, the excessive focus on the
"how" aspect can overshadow the "why," which may be crucial
for a deeper understanding of the tragedy. In conclusion, the report
effectively utilizes rhetoric and framing to criticize the parties involved in
the Kanjuruhan Stadium tragedy but also exhibits some
shortcomings in factual presentation and analytical balance.
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