Dear President Macron; an Ordinary People
Get Anger to You (But I
know you are Not Meant
to Be)
Thobias Sarbunan
IAKN Ambon, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
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Date received : 16 October 2020
Revision date : 04 November 2020
Date received : 16 November 2020
Keywords:
The President Speech
Politic Discourse Language
and Politic Rhetoric
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Emanuel Macron was excavated the anger from thousands of people
around the world,
that society in fact was Muslim people.
Therefore, number of protest escalated in many countries including Indonesia, as the biggest
Muslim country in the world. I as personal, also
stand in scientific circle, in fact was indeed
concerned to that chaos affected by politic speech. Therefore, in short, this paper
conducted to educate the widespread
society, ‘who stand-out of politic activity also the system’, to bridge that society knowledge toward politic speech and related issue around politic
knowledge. By the end, I see that
politic knowledge was concrete and systematic, that not think before.
Moreover, to react in this issue,
the matter of politic speech, even
the discourse that related to language-politic, how politician act through rhetorician movement, all of that knowledge must be learned
and highlight to the broad
people, that in purpose to prevent
undesired act such violence or riot, which
harmfully to all of us,
even in systematic impact.
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INTRODUCTION
Politic and language
were the elements
interchangeable and determined to the wide range of life. According
to (Medriano Jr & De Vera, 2020) in
practical issue of politic affair, “on the concept of rhetoric and rhetoric strategies, scholars agree on a common concept of "rhetoric"
which is ascribed as the art of persuasion, or the study of the art of persuasion, and an individual act of persuasion. Therefore, three modes of persuasion, also determines to the
type of rhetoric strategies. The instrument serves as a theoretical basis for the construction
of one of the instruments. While talked about
the speech itself, not only its tendency to the communication knowledge, but also language,
speech related to the theory of speech act. In speech
act, speech acknowledged as basic units of linguistic interaction. In detail of speech act component,
the locutionary act is the act of saying something,
illocutionary act is the act performed in saying something, while the
perlocutionary act is the
act performed by
saying something, the effect the utterance has on the psychological state of the hearer”.
(Ali & Davis-Floyd, 2020) agrees and said that “human beings begin by acknowledging that language plays an essential
role in our lives, including expressing our experiences,
transmitting our emotions, and
affecting others. It has many and multidimensional roles. Language allows us to convey
our perceptions of the phenomenon as well as
to shape us. The vocabulary will unify humans
with or isolate from a phenomena. After decoding
the encoded meanings of words, we behave and respond. These meanings emerge from the memory of culture”.
Again, in (Aistrope, 2020) stressing point,
“It is commonly
understood that mainstream culture occurs with
and influences our perception of world affairs.
The way vocabulary and images from fiction,
drama, film, television and other cultural
development sites find their way into political
discourses on geopolitics, crime, immigration, imperialism and weapons control
have been illustrated in various reports,
to name a few. In comparison,
global events, especially foreign crises, offer rich topics across mediums and genres for popular
culture. The theory of intertextuality, which
highlights the way in which the meaning
and authority of any text is
established by drawing on or positioning
against other texts from the surrounding culture, has often understood this
interchange”.
(Abulof, 2020) from the political
view, this scholar argued that, “the right of peoples
to self- determination lies at the
heart of the modern quest for
statehood. This century-old principle warrants a world of true nation-states, where national boundaries make state borders, not the
other way around. I argue, however,
that the concept of ‘self- determination’
has been effectively [ab/used] to foil, rather
than foster, its original goal, and explain why and how this paradox transpired. In theory, self-
determination is a potent
‘speech-act’: by uttering, en masse, their demand for self-determination, people(s) can change their politics, even
create new states. In practice,
however, powerful actors have tried
to tame self-determination – by appropriating
this right from the peoples,
and delimiting its applicability
to oppressed, non-ethnic communities and to sub-state solutions”.
More specifically, “speech
style has been treated
as 'attention paid to speech,' which means that
style shifting along the [in-formality] axis is the result of the number of speakers paying attention to the monitoring of their speech.
This more responsive approach to speech style has as its basic premise
the idea that speakers
design and use their speech style while keeping their audiences throughout mind. The reason why it is
important to consider the cultural
aspects of speech style is that culture goes hand-in - hand with identity construction, which, in turn, is the result, among
other linguistic and semiotic resources, of speech style” (Theodoropoulou,
2020).
Continuously, (Koussouhon & Dossoumou, 2015) underlines “the act of competing for
power through politic. Political, economic
and social theories
into motion, stated as the fight for translation power. Therefore, to this process
language plays as the key role, for any political
activity where also organized, accompanied, inspired and played by language.
In extend language as the critical instruments that
politicians use to influence the political thinking of both the electorate in order to acquire their ideologies to them.
However, to reassure their followers of the legitimacy of their political
arguments was the primary
goal of politicians. Besides, derives from the
use of tools that form the values and attitudes of others, was the subsequent of the
political power legitimacy. At the
top level, to such, an efforts to convince
the electorate to discard their
political
ideologies and hold on to their own, was the reflection of a politicians. After all, as a speech
linked either to the struggle
for power or to the maintenance
/ control of power, it was the reflection of political
speech. Again, the diverse of political speech, encompasses the different forms
of speech made by politicians in the political forums. One of the
famous political speeches is the victory speech of the President”.
In fact, (Lacatus, 2020) proclaims “the social science scholars have been involved in the
debate about the nature of populism and whether it is a form
of political mobilization, a thin ideology, or a kind of discursive framework. Authoritarianism at its core is a type of political rhetoric based
on the moral vilification of elites,
who are seen as undemocratic and
self-serving. Populism essentially proclaims the presence of an elite-induced crisis,
aiming to challenge the existing order and giving
the common will a voice. These storylines and personas are closely
related to mainstream culture and an anti- establishment ethos in the context of the Trump campaign. Considered to be the passive mass, whose desires
are dismissed in preference of arrogant
economic leaders, corrupt legislators and minorities”.
Added by (Krishna, 2020), therefore,
“ethnic entity can be used to foster unity and increase marginalized communities, but it can also
be used within a country to isolate
other ethnic groups and establish strong divides. Conservatism is not in reality, liberalism's revolutionary philosophy, but rather its own isolated
being; authors of 'new conservatism,' though were mainly
concerned with the potential
consequences of basically
liberal transformations,'
demonstrating this ideology in an inherently
reactionary essence. Conservatism may be
at the core of the mentality that may contribute to ethnic conflict, but populism is what drives it more a philosophy that insists that there are different factions
in society: the' pure citizens'
and the' corrupt class.' The separation of ethnic
groups is triggered in many instances
by a belief in the' populist extreme
right,' a subset of right-wing populism that uses the ideology's Manichaean nature to explain nativism,
a xenophobic type of nationalism”.
(Kustov, A., & Dai, 2020) argued, “has been increasingly seen in line with this
reasoning, that some of the key roots
of populism, such as anti- immigration
feelings, are also resistant at the person
level and resistant
to different economic
and demographic shocks.
In addition, significant economic and political problems will endure not only these
fundamental behaviors, but the human tendency for populism voting itself. But while populism's ideational literature rightly
assumes that opportunistic politicians can exploit stable and widespread popular anti-immigration and
anti-elitist sentiments strategically, there is very little
explanation as to
why populist rhetoric is relatively rare
or why some actors use it more than others, even
in the same electoral context. Unfortunately,
populist intellectuals frequently define what games politicians currently play, what other
political tactics are open, and why
populist populism could nor may never
be someone's best optimization answer”.
In the perspective of democracy, as stated by (Themnér & Sjöstedt,
2020) “the bond between stability as well as democracy are
intricate. A strong link exists, on
the one hand, between consolidated democracy and civil peace, where free and fair elections enable communities to settle collective conflicts more effectively. In the other hand, it has been suggested that democratization will have a negative
impact on peace, since it encourages the potential of elites to play on nationalist feelings,
which can spark ethnic conflict in reaction”.
Moreover, to the rhethorics topic, I connected to the one scholar, and was said, “in the
case of a potential U.S. In political
interviews, comments, and tweets,
President Donald Trump has regularly used the
campaign slogan "extreme Islamic extremism." Islamophobia" refers to a deep distrust of the Islamic
faith or Muslims, sometimes
perceived as the geographical cause of extremist threats by one of
them." Edward Said: Media attention also plays into cultural anxieties
and raises, and it often involves
the cultural misconception that there was some
observable significance to information about
the realities of Islam”
(Brandt, 2020).
(Załęska, 2012) argues a speech in the context of rhetoric-politic based on modern
rhetoricians, “speech analysts
and linguists are focusing
on the linguistic and metallurgical activity of speakers. Consequently, they seldom, if ever, answer the issue of what is politics
according to any principled criterion, or which aspect of communicative operations relates to that concept
and, thus, which part that omitted from the study. Rhetoric
in politics, formulated as a means of thinking, was often typical of
Aristotelian rhetoric of deliberation. Aristotle
also theorized the linkage between
politics and the rhetorical genre of deliberation, for example, in the manner
along which decisions made within the available possibilities.
However, the deliberative genre concerns reasoned
decision-making in general
rather than exclusively 'power-infused/snatched encounters' involving 'socially competitive or
unfair participants.' The word of "deliberative," was the way of thinking
is not limited to political
debate alone. It has a universal
value, instead. Virtually any fair debate on
any subject, including
everyday social conduct,
could occur. Even a politician can fairly be able to talk about the options and their viability
(for the analysis of policy decisions). On the
other hand, the political debate also could neglect this aspect, because
of having qualified
as political on the foundation of those two parameters”. The criteria of
source, added by
(Załęska, 2012) can describe the rhetoric of political agents – leaders,
candidates, parties – as
political. Thus, the study of texts on subjects
like power, democracy, justice, harmony, democratic institutions and so on is almost by necessity viewed as an analysis of
"political rhetoric" and/or "political debate." Apart from topics historically labelled as political, although there issues that could be defined as political (politicization processes) or, inversely, no longer important
to politics (DE-politicization processes).
In the other related study to speech in politic affair,
speech discourse, also rhetoric-politic. (Kenski, Coe, & Rains, 2020) debated
from the other perspective, focused
on incivility discourse. That scholar determined that Incivility in public debate has become a pressing issue for
people and academics alike, but much study has centred narrowly on incivility in elite discourse.
Finally, this study concluded
from research findings,
that different forms of incivility provide different
replies. In fact, name-calling and vulgarity graded more uncivil than other speech acts. In addition, many socioeconomic, personality, and news intake factors evaluated as predictors of incivility attitudes.
(Jamieson, K. H., Volinsky, A., Weitz, I., & Kenski, 2017) confirms, scholars accept
that this is all and therefore difficult
to provide for a well- established concept
of civility, because
communicative, rhetorical behaviour of civility and incivility, is situational and contestable.
Therefore, for example, civility
means an attitude of reverence, also
of love, for our fellow citizens; respect for the dignity and a desire for the dignity of others; a form of collaboration; Incivility characterized as a degrading
social face; that is, disdain for the values
of the democratic group. As academics have moved to constructive perception, civility has become less likely to define in terms of the use of individual words or
behaviour and is tendency used as
mode of interaction and perception. In early modern England
and Western Europe, the words civil and civility
are increasingly [displac[ed] courteous and courtesy] as trendy terms denoting accepted
behaviour. In the meantime,
'during the sixteenth century; the word of 'civility', the connotations of 'civilization'
as the opposition between the 'civil' and the 'barbaric' inherent in classical
literature was supposedly developed in reaction
to the threat posed by the
discovery of the 'savage inhabitants of the
New World,' and then added to the distinction
between the English civility and Irish”.
Based on the preliminary studies above, my position on this paper was purely scaffold
of scientific perspective.
That intend to discuss about politic
speech discourse, Language & politic, also
rhetoric language. Why I said like this, because the current
president of France Republic, Macron,
speech, influenced the significant chaos. In short, to my country, Indonesia, as the biggest
Islam country
in the world, we
as the Indonesian felt so shock to listen
to that speech of Macron, even in fact, myself
is Catholic, was not agree to such approach that accumulated in politic speech. In the other hand, almost the news and politic discourse
ended, as the news item and the
consumption of every politician around
the world, but in the contrary side to non- politic
community, to Macron speech, just ended as controversy
also come-up as a trigger or horizontal conflict
[if that issue absolutely fail to solve], and I mean it. Therefore, as the part of language
practices society, I believe, through this discussion, not only open our eyes of knowledge of
speech as non-politic community, but also at the end, was possible
to educate the reader to enrich the knowledge
in broad area, such politic affair, but also
developed our critical knowledge to react of political speech.
METHOD
My paper used an approach
of document analyisis, that presented also discussed the certainty such as politic
discourse also a politics speeches. In
hence, to this practice of my paper flow, I scaffolded the sources of both primary
sources and secondary
parameter.
So that, to accelerate my research practice, I selected
the sources of reading material
through judgmental
technique. Therefore, to the structure of materials explanation in analysis phase, esthabilished into three reading
materials, that looked
such as:
Table Reading Materials
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Title
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Topic
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Critical
Discourse Analysis Analyzing the Beauty Advertisement Discourse: Dove’s
Campaign for Real Beauty;
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· Power and Discourse:
Access to Discourse and Social Struggle &
Mechanisms to achieve a ´Coherent Society ;
· Ideology and Discourse: Ideology in the Media &
The Functional Model – a Scheme for
classifying language structures.
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Problems Related
to the Translation of Political Texts
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Political language and
translation;
· The problem
of translating political speeches
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The
Language of Politics
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Making a speeches (p. 35)
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Power and Dsicourse
(Hoepfner, 2007) stresses,
“the discourse power as a tool of social practice was
exercised to explain the relation within power and discourse
inside a variety of contexts. The intensity
behind debate describes how social
behaviors that shape and form by
power relations have been developed”.
So, according to that scholar, a power, related to the the next topic of analysis about
access to discourse and social struggle.
Therefore, what exactly talked about; in Fairclough which
takes the view of "cultural
capital" by Pierre Bourdieu, which is
metaphorically understood to be equivalent to economic capital.
Access to and ownership of many cultural
items may generate cultural capital, such as
schooling, language use, access to and practice of exclusive
social institutions, high employment respectively. Capital can be accrued. The
dominant class group, the middle
class and trades have more cultural
wealth than the working class. The school system
and other democratic structures were based on the system of social class affiliations. In the ‘negative tremendous affect’, like
"Fairclough argues there is neither a "reduction in injustice" nor an "international conspiracy to hide control of manipulative purposes.
The use of secret power was
interpreted from him as a concession by ruling
party.
In the issue
of mechanisms to achieve a
´coherent society,
explained that “a culture is formed, simplistically spoken through complex
social behaviors and discourse forms. It needs to be consistent. Fairclough distinguishes three main types
of mechanisms: 1. Naturalization, 2. Inculcation, and 3. Communication. The first mechanism
describes social practices
that are "universally followed and necessarily accepted because there
seems to be no alternative, such as washing
and caring for one's body every once in a while to stay healthy." The
inculcation process can be used as the exercise of the purposes
to "naturalize partial
and interested activities to promote the exercise and preservation of control [and continuation of class dominance and division], secret control "behind"
discourse. We might think of economic powerholders, to continue with our example
from above, who want to naturalize the practice
of everyday body care in order to regulate body activities and profit economically. The third approach
to achieve commonality is the media system,
"a method of reasoned communication and
discourse that will for example, be an open debate on multiple public forums about physical
welfare”. So, absolutely, in a number of instances, speeches become psychologically constitutive. It is important to question who has access
to discourses in order to grasp the political structures and
tensions running behind discourses. Fairclough recommends reflecting in modern culture on processes
of contact and inculcation, and their challenge”.
Ideology Discourse
The notion of 'ideology' became a critical idea, and the following topics related to this notion,
was
first ideology in
the media. “Critical linguistics notes that
from an ideological point of view, texts have
already been developed. In different modes of speech, values vary systematically. Furthermore the different usage of vocabulary to convey ideology
with the implementation of the 'functional paradigm'. Then, in line of the functional model - a
scheme for classifying linguistic structures, described about there were interrelated features
in all of the languages
performed: the ideal, the interpersonal and the textual function. His criticism of the model of Halliday is that it assumes that
language use and contact are
practiced separately and purposefully. In modern
linguistics, thus, language would be seen as
a practice or a method of action and that language is related
to itself and to the situation or meaning”.
Politic Language and Translation
The knowledge about this topic concerned to “the general characterization of political language
that emphasized to the particular languages used in the social sciences
belong to the field of political and diplomatic languages. Political language's nature and purpose
are distinct from those of diplomatic
language. And then, how did the context delivered
to the the sub topic such as the political texts as specific expressions of the political
language; if success is not obtained by persuasion based on argument,
so manipulation, misinterpretations and fronting arise.
This suggests that the speakers display
fake evidence, exhibit
false facts and make claims that can not be maintained
due to objective conditions in order to accomplish
their purpose. Regarding that tension, the following
roles include political
terminology: expressive function,
which means that it communicates goals embedded in the actual politics circle;
objective function, means that it has an objective cause for affecting
people's thoughts, emotions, and therefore their actions; symbolic
function, meaning that ideas and emotions are expressed through
symbols in politics”.
Moreover, in comparison, “substantial strategy consists of a revisable
series of government decisions (example laws, contracts, taxation, etc.). It is essential to connect rhetorical politics and substantive policies to each other.
Because og that, several assumptions provided to the analysis of rhetoric and substantive policies,
for example, Politics has become a linguistic domain,
mainly because of national
conflicts. It occurs in a public space
identified by the mass media; the advantages
that are achievable in this struggle,
such as connecting the good thoughts of one's own political party and bad ideas
of one's own political group opponents
may be turned immediately into electoral gains;
the pre-formed political room would be the base
for more political wars, in which the winners
would be favored in the symbolic national
battle. Those who are generally
interested in the relationship between politics and people and the
forms of
communication that link these communities to
each other in political communication. This theory distinguishes political expression, which is equivalent to all political acts, as a
type of human activity. The use of language has an inherently instrumental aspect, the tool and object of the behavior being the language itself. It is
clear that political negotiation research applies not only to linguistic
devices or material problems, but also to methods used to
gain a position of influence”.
The Problem of Translating Political
Speeches
As a matter
of fact, to the problem
of translating political
speeches; as the language, “the political system is continuously undergoing a transition mechanism because
it is a living thing, and that is why the status of both the
language and the political system is
immediate. That is why none of people are appropriate for analytical
approaches. Political language cannot
be treated as a compact technical
language, although it has certain features of vocabulary. Political terms do not have an inherent
meaning, they can only be described in relation to the rhetoric
of which they are the components.
In the other determines, may inferred, such as, an Efforts
to describe terms such as political authority, the electoral structure
or the system of controls and balances indicate that as specific
words are doing these words do not have direct
connections to the conceptual world. In the real world, there is nothing out there that can conceptually fit these political
expressions; in the ordinary
vocabulary, there is no identical phrase or name. Indeed,
political terms should not be examined
in isolation; the whole sentence and even the
whole discourse must be taken into account in their analysis. If we want to examine
everything, we need to do so in their
context. We need to structure the
latter in sentences”.
In order to assist and bridged the knowledge of politic discourse, number of technique may taken a
lead of grab the message of that discourse. “The ‘translators’ may use the following techniques in order to make culture
specific elements and to represent
a certain model of culture:
misrepresentation: the removal or reduction of part of the text;
extension: the development of explicit material
that is implied in the original, either in the
main body or in footnotes
or in a glossary; strangeness: the replacement of slang stretches, dialect, nonsensical terms, et. Marked by italics or underlining); updating: replacement by digital equivalents of irrelevant or ambiguous
information; situational analogy:
implementation of a meaning which is more common than used in the
original; creation: replacement of the source text more globally
with a text that reflects only the original's
basic message/ideas/functions”.
The Language of Politic
Making a speeches; “the art of persuasive debate is known as rhetoric. Students when
arguing formally are encouraged to
see falseness as entirely appropriate, given the rhetorical skills are strong enough.
For example, debating teams are judged in contests
on their verbal abilities, and their ability to speak persuasively, rather than the reliability of their opinions. Instead, successful
prosecutors are also seen as someone
who can convince a court to side on
their case. Then judge on what really happened. The expectation will be that genuinely held opinions were presented, but if the audience is to
both pay attention and be convinced,
rhetorical abilities would be necessary. Politicians might argue
which they want to bring forward proposals
because they actually
believe in, but others might argue that influencing
the audience is the true aim. There is no easy
solution to this question, since it is difficult to calculate values such as integrity and authenticity against
any absolute criterion”.
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
Above of all analyses of related topic to how politics speeches remarked
as the potential action to influence the other people that based
on the aim of one of powerfull group
or community needs. I underlined that
politics speeches result, obviously, promoted
the abstraction of idea and tricky to define
in a simple way toward
the ‘communication, when an individual or community was just an ordinary people that stood-out of politics circle.
In the other hand, politics speeches development, affected
by number of factors such as
‘the power of group or the entity of nation/government’. Besides
that, the ‘link
of power’, skills
of communication, and the literacy
of widespread issue. On the contrary, how hard for ordinary people, if responses to the
communication of politics speeches,
when grasp that message in ‘isolate
approach’ without the awareness of politics issue.
But, not yet, when seen from the nationalism
perspective, as the citizen, it is a must to follow the obligation, either it was constructed from
rhetorican approach, and the obligator
only speak in abstraction,
so it will unobvious when the listener unable to comprehend the message of obligation.
CONCLUSION
In my conclusion, probably thousands of cases in react of politic speech ended, only as ‘media consumption’, also the ‘provocative’ argument among politician. So it will
deeply worst if such ‘culture’
repeatedly rise as the phenomenon that finally
influence the negative
impact such violence also criminal acts; also in
crucial level will affect the sustainable life in wide spread. Therefore, I hope that for the future research
will fulfill my
scientific
writing, that I believe the other scientific
from politics, language
or linguistic, also communication
field, develop other comprehensive literacy that educated the society toward politic discourse
and rhetoric issue.
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Copyright
holder:
Thobias Sarbunan (2020)
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publication right :
Journal of Social Science
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