STATE DEFENSE IN NATIONALISM AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION PERSPECTIVE

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
The development of the world in the current global era is marked by a number of important phenomena that have an impact on countries and aspects of human life in almost all regions of the world.This is marked by the emergence of the phenomenon of a borderless society which is driven by the massive interaction of countries in the world in various aspects; which is a consequence of globalization.The existence of free markets and free trade has an impact on the spread of individualism and liberalism values into the joints of human life.This has the potential to cause degradation of local and national values of the country which can threaten national identity and identity.The existence of a global culture that is dominated by the West raises the risk of the building of nationalism, patriotism, and love for the motherland fading away (Subagyo, 2014).The era of globalization has brought challenges for citizens to be able to maintain the existence of the state nationally, where citizens who are passionate about defending the country are needed from various enemy threats, foreign penetration, and foreign penetration that could endanger the integrity of the country.
In terms of defending the country there are two important aspects, namely humans as social beings and creatures that have national identity.In the context of being social beings, citizens cannot live alone exclusively because they need to work together in finding their identity collectively.Citizens need to interact with each other constructively and produce acknowledgment of one another's existence in a shared entity.This process then produces a community that has (claims) a collective identity which is very important for the formation of strong nationalism.
State defense is a form of belonging to citizens which is a very important aspect to maintain and maintain the existence of the nation-state.From the point of view of citizens, it is necessary to explain the basic essence of human life in a country.State defense can be interpreted as any effort that plays a role in improving the quality of state life and maintaining its existence.Thus, the defense of the state is not only physical but also non-physical.As an illustration, for example, efforts to increase the nation's self-esteem by building a good name are part of defending the country.Efforts to defend the state from everything that can threaten and interfere with the life of the nation-state are a form of defending the state.In this sense, the defense of the state has a very broad dimension, and is not limited to elements of a physical nature, such as defense and security forces that are embodied as military forces and weapons.
Life under the social system has gone through different phases.From a traditional society to a more structured society.It shows how society is organized and operates in legal and formal conditions with a clear scope in which formal legal rules apply.The existence of a state is a condition where a community recognizes that they have the right to live, their legitimacy is recognized to inhabit that place, and they jointly build synergy in the interactions between them.In this context, the state becomes the limit of the scope in which people live and carry out a number of life arrangements.
The state is an important concept when talking about the people of a region as a whole.It is not easy to define a country, because there are many definitions and definitions of 'country', including the ideas that underlie the formation of a country.The state can be likened to a container in which there are various kinds of elements that fill the container.Thus the state refers to physical objects, such as territories and boundaries.The state here means territory which at the same time refers to the symbolic and legal character as a sovereign power.On the other hand, the state is related to the mechanism of how the elements in it are regulated, so that the state is related to the government that is run in the country, including for example the bureaucracy, ministries, military, police, political parties., parliament and so on.Defining a state based on only one view as institutional, sovereign or territorial would be inappropriate (error) (Opello & Rosow, 1999).
Modern nation states claim sovereignty over fixed territories.The two attributes, namely sovereignty and territory, are interrelated.In principle, there are also nation-states that are members of a global or comprehensive nation-state system around the world.These nation-states represent territories or territories as empty spaces filled through the representation of state power and authority.Through the practice of government as well as other forms of artifacts or models of government, the nation-state can diffuse or the nation-state can express itself in one identity in a space bound by international recognition and legal boundaries.The territory or territorial sovereignty of a country is represented through the capital of the country, represented by flags, national anthems, passports, currency, military power, national museums, national libraries, and also embassies in sovereign states, as well as the usual existence of seats in the United Nations.There are currently about 203 nation states that are recognized, or already exist internationally.This state and nation needs to be maintained by each of its citizens; Including its national integration because of the many problems that can cause this state and nation to be threatened and degraded.A sense of belonging will influence citizens to improve the quality of state life and at the same time maintain and maintain its existence.This was later labeled as defending the country.The issue raised is related to the defense of the state through the cultivation of the spirit of nationalism and its implications for the process of national integration.
State defense is an important function to safeguard the interests of a country, both in relation to the international community and within their own country.This includes ensuring the integrity of the people and their jurisdiction and their contribution to national peace and security.This is a form of maintaining national security, including the sovereignty of a nation-state.Often the concept of defending the country is seen from a military perspective, referred to as a defense approach, including defense carried out by the armed forces as well as military efforts or with a military approach.
This section will present a number of literature studies that review national defense from a military standpoint.The first of (Galbreath & Deni, 2018) in a book entitled "Routledge Handbook of Defense Studies".This book states that defense studies is a multidisciplinary field of study in which agents, especially states, prepare themselves to prevent, evade, or engage in armed conflict.Defense studies is a field of coherent study that leads to defense policies that can change from time to time, related to strength, strategy and technology.Defense studies is an intellectual thought that is built to provide an understanding of the convergence of war with other fields, which have an impact on the tendencies and intensity of combat.Defense studies provide an understanding of how self-defense forces are understood, constructed and disseminated.This book provides a comprehensive landscape and contribution to the study of defense in policy, security and conflict issues; and looking forward to changing conceptions of defense and how nations and their militaries will adapt.
The second is a post from the VP.Malik who discussed the nation-state of India entitled "India's Armed Forces' Contribution to Nation Building" (Malik, 2019).The article describes the contribution of the armed forces in the nation-building process, which is an important point for understanding the military heritage of the Indian state.Military life, in its vision and purpose, is inextricably linked with the traditions and service that have been absorbed through the years and generations of Indian history.This tradition for soldiers is something sacred and is a patriotic value associated with strong self-esteem.The strength of the armed forces is a true reflection of the basic national concept of the Indian nation, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika.As an example for the Indian nation, soldiers of all classes, castes, creeds and religions are able to serve the Indian nation with total dedication, living together in barracks, eating in the same kitchen, speaking the same language and celebrating festivals.respective religious holidays.Secularism, discipline, integrity, loyalty, esprit de corps are important values instilled in the military.The armed forces have played an important role in national consolidation since the Indian state became independent.With regard to people's integration, the armed forces are one of the best examples of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika.The Indian armed forces are not swayed by divisive politics.The armed forces become a very cosmopolitan form, which is an oasis of national unity.With regard to national security, the main role of the armed forces is to defend and defend the territorial integrity of the nation-state from external and internal threats.In conclusion, it is stated that the armed forces have built and maintained its credibility through dedication, sacrifice, professional competence, operational effectiveness.Aside from being a defender of the state, the armed forces are also the people's armed forces, through recruitment from all corners of the country.
The third article from Kris Wijoyo Soepandji & Muhammad Farid which reviews state defense in Indonesia entitled "The Concept of State Defense in the Perspective of National Defense" (Soepandji & Farid, 2018).This paper emphasizes that Indonesian citizens have rights and obligations in defending the country.It was explained that efforts to defend the state are manifested in the implementation of national defense, including citizenship education, compulsory military service, compulsory military service, voluntary and compulsory service as a national army, and professional service.This paper also shows the importance of the state defense education system at the level of education and the world of work.
Another article from Yulianto Hadi, Djoko Suryo & FX Sudarsono entitled "The Dynamics of Embedding State Defense Values of the Maguwo Cadet in a Historical Perspective" (Hadi et al., 2014).This paper discusses the historical perspective of the formulation of state defense values at the Maguwo Flying School (Sekbang), the dynamics of the interpretation of state defense, the formulation of the dynamics of the process of instilling state defense values and the factors that influence it.The results of this paper show that the historical and philosophical foundations of education instilling state defense values are based on the values of divinity, sincerity, willpower, chivalry, morality, exemplary, integrity, professionalism, and discipline.The process of instilling state defense values occurs because of the need for values that are in line with the times and the various aspects that influence it.
From these writings it shows that defending the state is an important function to safeguard the interests of a country, both in relation to the international world and within their own country.This includes ensuring the integrity of the people and their jurisdiction and their contribution to national peace and security.This is one form of effort to maintain national security, including the sovereignty of a nation-state.Essentially state defense is an activity to guarantee the security of the sovereignty of the nation-state and its people.State defense from a non-military perspective is crucial in relation to the concept of state defense.In other words, defending the country has two important parts, first defending the country is seen from a military perspective and defending the country is seen from a non-military perspective.

METHOD
The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with literature study method (Moleong, 2017).This research method is an activity of observing various literature related to the subject matter raised, either in the form of books, papers or writings that are useful so that they can be used as guidelines in the research process.The purpose of library research is to collect data and information with the help of various materials in the library, the results of which are used as a basic function and the main tool for research practice in the field.In this study using data sources from books, the internet, pre-existing research and writings related to the research focus as a support in managing this research.dynamics of nation-state consciousness.Sources can be state documents, textbooks, scientific journals and related sources.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section of the discussion, the focus is on defending the State in a review of strengthening Nationalism and National Integration.

A. Dimensions of Nationalism in Defending the Country
Nationalism in general is an ideological thought in which there is membership in a nation that is greater than other groups (ie based on gender, party, or socio-economic group), seeks specificities that are different from other nations, and strives to preserve the nation and gives preference to political representation.by the nation for the nation.In knowing the dimensions of nationalism in the context of state defense, it is necessary to have an understanding of the important character of nationalism.To understand the character of nationalism, one can look at the dimensions of attitude in interactions among citizens, especially in relation to feelings of belonging to the same nation.Conventionally, it is known as citizenship-based nationalism or also known as civic nationalism.
There are 5 important principles of nationalism that reflect the spirit of citizenship-based nationalism, namely: (1).Unity (unity).This principle of unity describes an agreement for unity in terms of territory, nation, language, ideology and state doctrine, political or government system, economic system, security defense system and national culture; (2).Freedom.The principle of freedom reflects the recognition of the right to embrace a religion according to one's beliefs, to speak and express opinions orally and in writing, to form groups and organize; (3).Equality.This principle embodies the existence of equality in legal status, rights and obligations; (4).Personality and identity, this principle is a sense of belonging to self-esteem, a sense of pride and affection for the personality and identity of one's own nation; (5).Achievement (achievement).The principle which is the vision for the future in order to realize welfare (welfare) as well as the greatness and humanity of the nation (Andri A. 2019:6).
The process of globalization which is progressing rapidly and has penetrated into many areas of national and state life, together with regional integration and the strengthening of localities in other parts, has prompted the governments of many countries to revise their nation-building rhetoric.There are many views that the ongoing globalization is a potential threat to nationalism and a sense of belonging to the nation-state.Citizen-based nationalism (civic nationalism) is very important to continue to be strengthened by the new challenges faced by countries in the world.The data shows that since the 1990s until now there have been a number of state disintegration as well as threats of state disintegration due to separatist movements.For example, in 1991 the Soviet Union (USSR) split into several new countries, namely Russia, Latvia, Lithuania; Estonia; Belarus; Ukrainian; Georgian; Armenian; Azerbaijani; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan.In 1991-2006 the Yugoslav state was divided into many new countries, namely Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, North Macedonia, Bosnia Herzegovina and Montenegro, and so on (Agus & Mahfud, 2021).Therefore, in the continuity of a country, the spirit of nationalism is needed, and it is hoped that it can bring about national unity and pride in national identity.Citizens who have pride in their national identity can be shown in the Figure 1.Based on the table it can be shown that for some countries and nations, nationalism is pride in one's own nation offering insights into nationalism, which is described as a form of 'patriotism'; a pride when individuals identify themselves as a collectivity in a nation.But in other parts, nationalism can cause serious problems when it appears as a form of ethnic nationalism that is exclusive.In multi ethnic and multinational countries in Africa and Asia, identification with sub-country ethnic groups can appear to be one measure of nationalism.Identification with the state can also be considered as nationalism, but when ethnic-based identity is strengthened, this exclusive nationalism can become vicious and prone to conflict; that is, giving rise to ethnic struggles that have implications for demands for separatism or separation from a larger nation-state.Thus, strong identification with the state or a strong dual identity, such as with each country and ethnic group can be considered as a weakening of nationalism.This can happen in a country that has ethnic diversity and cultural and religious differences.For example, in Zambia, Uganda, An example is the case in Indonesia, as stated by Prasodjo inside (Faturochman, 2004) who said that the value of developing nationalism in Indonesia experienced piracy, especially during the New Order era.This causes the feeling of solidarity in the life of the nation to grow, including the difficulty in forming a shared national identity that was agreed upon in (Faturochman, 2004).Nationalism has a spiritual value, meaning something that is closely related to a person's psychology and can be a source of value in him.Therefore, nationalism in a person will be able to encourage him to sacrifice his wealth, body and soul for the nation.As an understanding of nationalism, Nationalism contains the following principles or elements: First, Unity; is a manifestation of love for the motherland which has implications for everyone having the obligation to protect and care for everything in their homeland.So that there is awareness of the importance of unity and integrity of the nation.This unity, according to Bung Hatta, is the first principle of nationalism (Kartodirdjo, 1999).Second, Liberation; Nationalism is an acknowledgment of individual independence from power or human liberation from the oppression of slavery (Kohn & Mertodipuro, 1984).Nationalism in this context will build all conditions of oppressed human reality towards a complete human being.
There are a number of ways to increase the spirit of nationalism.This can be started from the role played by the family, the role of education and the role of the government.Within the family, this can be done through inculcating values and attitudes of nationalism towards the Indonesian nation, by setting an example of love for the nation and the motherland.The role of education is to instill an attitude of love for the motherland and respect for the services of heroes by holding ceremonies every Monday.provide moral education, so that young people do not easily absorb negative things that can threaten national security.Meanwhile, the role that can be played by the government is to hold various activities that can foster a spirit of nationalism, such as seminars and cultural exhibitions, and so on.

B. Defending the State as a Means of National Integration: A Case Study in Indonesia
State defense is crucial to strengthening the integration process of a nation and is based on nationalism; which is the essence of national integration in a sustainable and continuous manner.National integration is a bond and togetherness among citizens without differentiating ethnicity, religion, belief or culture.This is a form of a sense of unity, brotherhood and social cohesion under the community and society in a country.National integration helps keep the country united and strong from within despite its pluralism.The nations of the world have experienced many problems related to their national integration, the impact of which is the fading of the sense of unity and can lead to the division of a nation.Threats to national integration may arise for the following reasons: 1. Communalism.Communalism is placing the community itself above the others, even in a position above the nation.Communalism is dangerous for a nation, because it can spread hatred among ethnic and religious groups which results in hampering the unity and strength of the nation.2. Linguism.This is related to language, namely there is an excessive feeling of love and bias in people who speak a certain language.In people's lives, language and culture are indispensable because language is a carrier of culture.Problems arise when this language status becomes the basis for differentiating between different people or groups, and will further weaken the sense of national integration.3. Regionalism or territoriality.This territoriality is a feeling of pride and loyalty that is owned by the people who are members of an area.Often there is a feeling of superiority belonging to one area compared to that owned by another area.Territory is an area whose inhabitants share a sense of unity on the basis of language, culture and economic interests.This regionalism can encourage demands for regional autonomy which have an impact on exclusive attitudes.Therefore, defending the country is one of the fundamental means of integrating the nation, and is a manifestation of instilling values and norms in citizens.In the following discussion, the study of state defense as a means of national integration with a focus on Indonesia is discussed.State defense is the attitude and behavior of citizens in an effort to realize the survival of the nation and state (Umra, 2019).These attitudes and behaviors arise because they are based on their love for the motherland.Departing from that feeling of love, every time there is a shadow of threat and disturbance, both coming from outside and from within, citizens will defend their country, whether requested or not (Soepandji & Farid, 2018).Every citizen has the right and obligation to participate in the defense of his country.This is what is called the awareness of defending the country, which is essentially a willingness to serve and sacrifice for the sake of the country.
In Indonesia, this is explicitly stated in the constitution, namely article 27 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution concerning Citizens and Residents that: Every citizen has the right and obligation to participate in efforts to defend the country.Article 27 focuses on participating in facing threats in all aspects of life or often referred to as non-military threats.In article 30 paragraph 1 concerning the Defense and Security of the state, it is stated that every citizen has the right and obligation to participate in the efforts of the state's defense and security.This article focuses on the participation of state defense in facing military threats, especially in the field of nation and state integration (Rahayu et al., 2019).
Awareness of defending the country is of course driven by the existence of a spirit of nationalism from citizens, there is a feeling of collective destiny, namely a unity of community solidarity that is awakened by a feeling of togetherness due to a willingness to sacrifice each other for a long time and a willingness to continue in the present and the future.which will come based on togetherness (Widodo, 2011).It is this spirit of togetherness that binds every citizen to always be ready to defend their country in the face of all forms of threats and disturbances to their country and nation.
Citizens, or commonly called the people are the main supporting factors for a country.As an important factor, of course the people must have full awareness of the condition of their country.This awareness of course does not appear immediately, but needs to be grown.In terms of defending the country, love for the motherland, being aware of the nation and state, having the belief that Pancasila is the state ideology, being willing to sacrifice, and having the initial ability to defend the country are important characteristics that every citizen must have and grow (Puspitasari, 2021).The national character is important so that a sense of belonging to the country grows, so that when the time comes, citizens will always join hands in an effort to create prosperity and justice.Welfare and justice are the most valuable capital in realizing national integration (Riyanto, 2017).The process requires nationalism, an understanding that has power or influence that is able to move feelings of being part of something and functions to build feelings for a national community.
However, this integration becomes threatened if the state fails to realize prosperity and justice for its people.This means that national integration will only be carried out properly as long as there is a guarantee for the basic rights and dignity of its citizens and guarantees for the realization of justice in social life, both commutative justice and distributive justice for all citizens (Ariyanto, 2013).Regardless of the integration approach, be it normative, coercive or functional.The normative integrative approach is the integration carried out by the government which lacks respect for cultural processes, which are natural but more coercive.The coercive approach implies the use of violent means, ideological methods as well as physical and cultural pressures in uniting the nation.The functional approach is the utilization of functional interdependence between regions, groups, that exist within the country (Riyanto, 2017).
The plurality of a nation's society, on the one hand, is an honor as a nation's cultural wealth, but on the other hand, pluralism can also be a potential for major conflicts that can hinder the process of integration and can even threaten the integrity of the nation.Therefore, an ideology is needed that can unite all of this diversity to become a potential nation that is sovereign and dignified (Ajar, 2019).Indonesia as a nation certainly needs to be grateful by positioning belief in Pancasila as the state ideology to bind ethnic, religious and cultural diversity and pluralism in one bond of what is known as the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (Soepandji & Farid, 2018).

CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that the defense of the country is based on a strong nation-state consciousness, so that people in a country can produce high self-esteem towards their country and are willing to defend it from various threats.When a nation is able to achieve a high level of unity, integration and equality in its society, then the nation can represent the special character possessed by the nation.The stronger this nation-state consciousness can result in mutual defense, and furthermore defending the country that belongs to them together.This is a form of symbiosis of mutualism between the state and its people.It can be said that the consciousness of the nation state is an important foundation for maintaining the existence of a state together and is related to the people, the state and the nation itself as a whole.