INTRODUCTION
The
overcrowding evolution is made up of multiple events that contributed to its
origin. From the historical context, the Industrial Revolution is recognized,
due to the displacement of the population towards the cities. This is due to
the demographic increase that caused an unprecedented increase in the population
concentrated in unhealthy spaces. This fact represented problems in the
physical order, spread of diseases, premature old age, anticipated death and
urban poverty; because of the housing shortage that determined that the working
masses were established in reduced, unhygienic and overcrowded spaces.
The
World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) states that poor
living conditions can expose people to a series of health risks. In addition,
it emphasizes that overcrowding generates alterations in both physical and
mental health. Based on the above, the WHO ratifies the need for sufficient
space for health and family life, emphasizing privacy for each household
member.
The
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC,
2001) establishes the Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN)
method, defining housing access as basic needs, and within its dimensions,
overcrowding in the census context variable such as; number of people in the
household and number of rooms in the dwelling.
Indeed,
it is evident that overcrowding situation affects the living conditions of each
home, the privacy aspect is a necessary good for family as a social and
independent unit and for the performance of certain activities such as cooking,
washing, studying, sleep, which is linked to the physical home’s layout. In a
crowded home, the members face daily life, therefore, a series of
inconsistencies can be generated in coexistence and personal development,
especially in children due to the lack of space in their growth and development
needs.
This
leads to problematic situations that according to (Novoa et al., 2014),
focus on the dissatisfaction area with respect to housing conditions and
privacy, causing health effects, also developing circumstances of stress,
anxiety, depression and insomnia. Likewise, there are limitations in work and
academic performance.
It is
necessary to indicate that, when privacy system within the home is altered due
to insufficient space and environments’ separation, people are forced to
develop territorial behaviors that manage to generate conflictive situations.
In
Ecuador, the urbanization process is accentuated from the productive structure
that generates structural changes with regional and national influence, since
productive cities are consolidated and important rural sectors population
migrate in masse. This process results represented a land’s uncontrollable
expansion use towards urban areas differentiated by guarantees of housing
infrastructure and services.
These
variations in land use are now more complex due to the disorderly growth of
cities. In addition, approximately a third of the total population has
increased and among its causes are a high birth rate, added to internal
migration from other provinces and abroad.
In
this context, household overcrowding is undoubtedly a social problem that is
aggravated with greater intensity due to population growth, poor land planning
use and poor informal control settlements. Likewise, it is a complex phenomenon
that has to do with multiple families’ particularities and the housing
characteristics in which they are immersed.
Nowadays
it is an interesting topic, since it is common that in cities’ peripheral
sectors the houses’ construction is evidenced in unsafe environments and far
from urban centers. With this, deficient housing scenarios are presented, which
generate little family independence and influence the well-being and individual
living conditions.
The
study’s object is limited to the Velasco Ibarra’s sector in La Libertad city,
in Santa Elena province, since it presents a progressive urban growth. This is
how, it is proposed to inquire about the territory’s vulnerability that is
presented by the large number of informal settlements. Therefore, this
research’s importance is focused and based on knowing the situation of home
overcrowding in the Los Artesanos neighborhood by
identifying its characteristics and, in effect, proposing strategies that
translate into improving the community and population’s habitability conditions.
Within
the work’s limitations, there is insufficient information in relation to the
subject, for which the research contributes to developing a study that
describes the families’ habitability conditions, based on a diagnosis
situational reference to the sector’s overcrowding, which allows the problem’s
understanding from the integral and local perspective.
In
this way, the results obtained give references about the city’s urban
transformation, emphasizing the overcrowding’s characteristics in which families
live. Likewise, consider how it influences the social vulnerability situation’s
growth in space areas and residential structure that highlights the need to
implement diagnostic mechanisms that validate the household’s overcrowding
situation in the sector, and serve as a systematization of population’s ability
conditions.
Díaz and Romaní (2016)
specify that household overcrowding is determined by demographic, physical and
social factors. As physical factors they point out the housing design,
construction habitability, sanitary situation, and environmental place’s
settlement. As far as the social factor is concerned, they refer to housing
density and the tenure’s system and home ownership.
They
state that housing density becomes overcrowding when the relationship between
people and available space exceeds a tolerable limit. Contexts that demonstrate
housing structures’ deficient existence and that represent a low index in
living conditions assessment.
García et al. (2018)
in their article’s objective analysis is Sociodemographic and household
overcrowding’s subjective conditions in Spain, explore sociodemographic
household influence characteristics on perceived objective overcrowding, and
the socioeconomic context as the main residential condition’s determinant.
In
this sense, they approach their analysis from the measurement of overcrowding
according to objective and subjective dimensions, defining the first as the
habitability conditions’ assessment in terms of space and the second from the
members’ household perception about housing.
The
authors develop a methodological tension in measurement’s forms of overcrowding
and its implications, since they consider that the needs or desires of
households depend on the individual particularities that give rise to
perceptions of conformity and nonconformity with the dwelling’s conditions in
which they live. This is why they also approach the overcrowding issue from
population density perspectives, structure, dwelling size and the family
dynamics’ development.
The
applied methodology focuses on the multivariate modeling development that
combines two types of logistic regression to determine the factor’s importance
considered in overcrowding. For that, the European Union’s Living Conditions
Survey (ECV) is used as a statistical source to identify cross-sectional and
comparable data about the housing quality and its occupation forms.
In
the results obtained, they detail that 6.9% of Spanish households present
objective overcrowding, and 15.6% subjective. Highlighting the following
associated variables; the failed emancipation of young people and the
construction of their independent family nuclei, families’ economic conditions,
and the forced dynamics residential mobility.
Herrera and García (2014),
investigate social’s dynamics objective and subjective aspects in the
residential space and their influence on living conditions. They focus their
study on housing design from an integrating social aspect of built
environmental, the inhabitant’s satisfaction needs and living space.
In
this way, they intend to identify the complications generated around the
housing space through a methodology of non-experimental and transversal
explanatory order. With the purpose of showing the relationship between the
habitability’s needs and the house’s architectural characteristics, this
through information gathering and application of a structured questionnaire.
Through
the given study, the authors estimate that the characteristics of space and
aspects related to social interaction are correlated with the satisfaction
level in environment. They conclude that the most living space valued
dimensions are; residential privacy and independence, tranquility, health and
safety.
In
Chile, Torres (2020),
carries out a study encouraged by the concern to address the socioeconomic
inequalities present in the country. To do this, it focuses on problems linked
to local housing policy, to contribute to public discussion regarding the
development of land use planning and housing policies.
Considers
that housing policies should not be focused on aspects of housing provision,
but establish interest in the urban territory’s growth, in the housing space’s
availability, access to services, green areas, among others. Likewise, it
alludes to the attributes offered by an adequate housing environment, such as;
sanitation and well-being, housing independence, residential stability and
territorial insertion.
For
the development of his research, he makes use of the Casen Survey 2017, an
instrument that allows knowing the socioeconomic situation of households, in
family aspects, composition, education, health, housing and income.
Through
a descriptive data’s analysis, the author establishes that overcrowded homes
are directly proportional to the high poverty levels and dependency on the
extended family, in addition to affecting the human families’ development due
to the lack of satisfaction. of their needs.
Among
its findings, it stands out that most of the overcrowded households are made up
of 3 family nuclei, and through statistical tests and confidence intervals in
the SPSS data processor, it determines that 41% lack schooling, 19% health,
34.7% habitability, and 77% do not have access to basic services. Thus, it also
identifies that, in homes with 3 to 4 people, they share a bedroom, and that
there is no division of environments for the development of specific
activities.
Among
its main conclusions, it states that overcrowding is one of the many faces of
socioeconomic inequalities in the country. In addition, it is essential that it
be identified as a social problem, since it includes different dimensions of
living conditions evaluation and characterization analysis.
Panico (2019)
develops an investigation with a factor analysis approach to determine which
are the variables that have a high correlation with housing well-being, based
on the Pearson coefficient. This through a census diagnosis that allows
measuring the social and citizens’ environmental needs in a territory.
Consequently,
it details that having adequate housing may be related, a priori, to the income
level and employment status of household’s head, in addition to the house’s
type of tenancy regime and the geographical location. Based on the results
obtained, it corroborates the correlation of variables described and concludes
that it is necessary to include these parameters within the methodologies for
measuring living conditions, in order to determine, from a multidimensional
approach, their correspondence in the area of well-being with housing.
Brites and Avalos (2020),
developed their research on different informal settlements cases in the city of
Posadas, Argentina, with the aim of examining the daily problems experienced by
its residents, investigating what are the environment’s disadvantages and
habitat, and the repercussions on the living conditions of its inhabitants?
And, how do they experience health and environmental adversities on a daily
basis?
The
method used consisted of a mainly exploratory and descriptive work, which was
combined with qualitative instruments for recording and analyzing information,
based on semi-structured interviews on living conditions, housing and habitat,
with residents and community leaders.
The
investigation demonstrated the structural order’s disadvantages that living in
the settlements implies and the related problems, referred to poverty and the
precarious habitat conditions. In the settlements studied, it was pointed out
that not all are the same, and it is noted that, despite the structural
disadvantages conditioned by the poverty situation, an inadequate and deficient
habitat, these situations are resized with the segregation’s impacts.
Sarmiento (2021)
focused on the socio-legal and an illegal settlement’s environmental
implications in Barrancabermeja (Colombia) with the aim of analyzing the
existing problems in the aforementioned place, given the conditions in which
its inhabitants live, making a study about critical aspects that are outside
the law and that deserve to be exposed to public light to publicize the risks
to which its inhabitants are subject.
The
method had a qualitative approach, located in the constructivist paradigm,
since, through the inductive method’s application, it was possible to capture
the sector’s needs, in the meeting with the affected communities, and then
extract new perspectives of reconstruction from their concepts. Through the
analysis, their qualities and ways of life were observed, a participatory
component was also carried out with local inhabitants.
The
investigation found that this place, born through a process of land invasion,
is totally in regulations’ violations, generating a far-reaching socio-legal
problem and with effects on the economic, educational, cultural, environmental
and citizen security levels. Also emphasizing the environmental aspect, since
it considers that there is no efficient and sustainable land’ use.
In
Argentina, del Castillo (2020),
carried out an investigation that includes the informal human settlements study
of Gran Salta, specifying that 41.8% of its population lives in conditions of
poverty and 40% with deprivation of income. habitability. Based on that, it
proposes to analyze urban poverty and its current manifestations, from a
historical perspective of economic, social and territorial transformations.
In
accordance with his theoretical considerations, he establishes that informal
settlements are consolidated in the 1990s, due to the crisis’ incidence in
agrarian activities and insufficient wages for peasants. Likewise, a migratory
process is produced, which causes the improvised appearance houses on the
cities’ outskirts.
To
address the current poverty’s manifestation, it uses the Living Conditions
Index (ICVI) proposed by (Paolasso et al., 2019).
According to their results, 26.7% of the population reflects a living
conditions’ deterioration in education terms and housing. In addition, that
29.93% of households inhabit an average of 4.4 people per dwelling, respectively,
determines that 47.6% of the population is young, and that 60.09% is in an
inactive or employable condition. without formal employment.
The
author mentions that these city living’s persistence way, the poverty’s
expansion and intensification and the inequalities’ accentuation open numerous
questions about the reversing possibilities of these informal urbanization
processes. It concluded that the population’s sociodemographic analysis
characteristics living in poverty areas reveals conditions of vulnerability
that affect the availability, space’s distribution and use.
The Olivera-Lozano (2018),
started from the informal settlements’ persistent observation as a normal form
of access to housing for the poor, even when the Mexican national housing
policy implies the granting of mortgage loans on a large scale. Its objective
was to show that the main housing limitation policy is the very low-income
workers exclusion in poverty, for which their access to land continues to occur
through the informal land market.
The
analysis area is the Cuernavaca’s Metropolitan Zone, with a social proportion
land with respect to its total area of 86.6%, adding that 38.8% of the total
population in 2010 was in a poverty situation. 17 neighborhoods coinciding with
poverty spaces where the blocks with the lowest socioeconomic level were
concentrated were selected. The author applied a household survey to find out
the habitant’s socioeconomic characteristics.
The
data’s analysis allowed the author to determine the poverty spaces distribution
in the study area, concluding that one of initial’s main causes and
consolidation’s subsequent development of irregular settlements is the new
household’s formation by people from low schooling and job skills, which
constitute an obstacle for their insertion in the formal labor market with the
benefits that it entails in stability terms.
Hernández and Elías (2015),
carries out an investigation focused on the land irregular occupation in Ciudad
Juárez, Mexico, qualifying it as a problem in continuous progress and frequent
in cities. This is caused by the urban population increase that produces
spontaneous informal settlements with great deficiencies in infrastructure and
housing conditions.
It is
from this problem that it elaborates an analysis proposal, with the identifying
purpose and delimiting informal settlements on an urban scale and generating
their needs diagnosis. The development proposal consists of an integrating
physical, socioeconomic model and urban’s environment spatial organization
components.
Based
on government spatial data and the Geographic Information System (GIS) use, the
author formulated an integrating model of components supported by a
multi-criteria evaluation scheme. Indeed, it establishes a methodological
strategy for the informal settlements’ identification and characterization.
According
to the results achieved, it is defined that Juárez city has a high probability
of belonging to an informal settlement, corresponding to 17% of the total
territory. In addition, it presents constructions high densities in peripheral
areas, inadequate living situations conditions and constant population risk
being evicted, since they do not have a legal title to land.
The
author concludes that the elaborated model is an important tool to know the
current city’s situation. And it supports that the proposed methodology
application implies understanding the territorial management functionality and
planning, to foresee and visualize the informal patterns of settlements and
make preventive decisions so that they do not expand.
The Vega Martínez et al. (2019)
investigation, analyzes the habitat territorial configuration in the Alfonso
López informal settlement in the Montería city,
Colombia and aimed to characterize the habitat territorial configuration based
on social production in space, describing its territorial dynamics of
appropriation and control.
The
authors used a mixed approach with a sequential explanatory design, in which an
urban planning sheet and citizen perception on the neighborhood’s image were
used, the study area was characterized as an informal settlement represented by
the urban deficit and socio-isolation or urban.
The
obtained results showed an incomplete basic public services coverage, urban
deficit equipment, insecurity perception, environmental vulnerability conditions
and semi-consolidated urban planning. Concluding that the settlement is a
scenario in which inhabiting acts build their territory with the integrating
intention and interrelating with the surrounding sectors and blurring the
social phenomenon segregation and habitat fragmentation.
González and Bernal (2020)
investigated impact on informal public health settlements in the region, with
the compiling scientific evidence aim to reflect on many cities’ situation in
Latin America that have been growing in an uncontrolled way. planned, with the
basic absence services, which is a risk factor for the population.
Through
a bibliographical compilation, the information taking sources demonstrated its
usefulness to make much more precise decisions, thus reducing the errors risks,
through this phenomenon continuous investigation, which increases due to the
purchasing society’s differences.
In
conclusion, the authors propose joint work to prevent problems like these from
continuing to develop, using strategic planning that allows the health
improvement, electrical, sewage, garbage collection systems, reducing
overcrowding, improving public safety; and likewise, all the infrastructure
repercussions that are generated when a community is created spontaneously.
Chanampa and Lorda (2020),
carry out a brief conceptual journey through the geographical field, social
geography from critical perspective to promote a reflection on city access
difficulties to habitat. In this way, to characterize the informal settlements
from the political and power territory dimension to analyze the regularization
processes and population experience that inhabits these territories.
Through
a bibliographical analysis, the authors determine that inequalities increase
from the different power forms that are exercised in the urban space, mainly
through control and access. In addition, they define that territorial
formation, urban and housing policies is necessary for the comprehensive
implementation actions in order to counteract the precarious population living
conditions and urban deterioration.
Paz-Montes et al. (2021)
socioeconomic study, political and environmental human impact settlements on
the Cucuta city’s outskirts, through a situational diagnosis that includes
variables approach established by the Unmet Basic Needs (UBN) method.
The
research is carried out through a mixed approach, descriptive composed method
and field study, because, to obtain primary information, they use structured
surveys applied in locality. To do this, they use non-probabilistic sampling
under the random sampling technique.
In
accordance with their findings, they showed that human settlements on city’s
outskirts are a community with generalized vulnerable characteristics, due to
lack of housing structure and a high rate of overcrowding. In addition, they
describe that the houses have a total basic services absence and precarious
living conditions.
Informal
human settlements materialize, according to (Méndez et al., 2021), due
to the public inefficient development policies around the formal supply
housing, which translates into an increase in land trafficking and, in effect,
families living in spaces where there are geographic risks, lack of services,
sanitation, connectivity and roads.
That
is why they propose public innovation laboratories as a methodology for
identifying actors in informal settlements as an alternative social treatment
problem, in order to know each actor’s role, State-Market-Society, within the
system. and consolidate the pertinent regularization strategies design
Through
personalized interviews, focus groups and analysis of results, the authors identified
that growing demand for housing is due to the constant growth and population
migration of, in addition to the lack of formal work, income and little access
to credit. Likewise, they define as problem part of the local permissible
attitude authorities with informal offer.
Based
on their findings, they conclude that informal settlements are a social
phenomenon scale that must be treated from a multidisciplinary approach, which
implies the land regularization use, the urban design development plans and housing
programs in partnership with companies. private that have the necessary
conditions to provide supply to demand and solve housing problems.
Torres et al. (2013),
consider that territorial planning is a necessary process to identify population
density, human settlements, environment, access to public services, mobility
and transportation. Sustaining that, the territory’ disorder has an inadequate
urban growth, which generates a decrease in living conditions and cities’ human
development.
His
research is based on population’s living conditions assessment through the
methodology proposed an application by ECLAC, established as an indicator of
Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN). This, consisting of five criteria; inadequate
housing, housing with critical overcrowding, housing with inadequate public
services, housing with high economic dependence and housing with school-age
children who do not attend educational units.
In
this way, it concludes that it is transcendental to obtain information about the
territory, with prioritizing purpose indicators for specific characterization
of population’s living conditions. With this, simplify emerging social problems
and reduce associated costs.
METHOD
The
present work adjusts to the quantitative characteristics approach research. To
approach the study variable, a situational diagnosis was made through the
application of an information gathering instrument, which leads to a data
obtained from statistical analysis.
The
research development of a descriptive nature, which starts from the
conglomerate analysis of scientific articles associated with the proposed
topic, which allow characterizing the problem and identifying the study
dimensions to carry out a situational diagnosis. The total study population is
determined according to the Zoning Plan of La Libertad city 2015, where it is
established that the "Los Artesanos"
neighborhood is made up of 125 dwellings and it is assumed that they are
probably all inhabited.
Table 1
Operationalization of Variables
|
Variable
|
Concept definition
|
Criteria
|
Dimensions
|
Information gathering technique
|
|
Household overcrowding.
|
A household is considered to be overcrowded if each
bedroom it has serves, on average, a number of members greater than three
people (Institucional, 2013)
|
Tenure Security
|
Legal or
secure tenure.
|
Poll
|
|
Availability
of
services.
|
Access to
water service.
Sanitary
system access.
Access to
electrical energy.
|
|
House Affordability.
|
Social availability or economic housing
Expenditure on housing.
|
|
Habitability.
|
overcrowding
Acceptable
typology
Materiality
and Conservation
|
|
Accessibility
|
Housing design.
|
|
Location
|
Transport
Accessibility, labor sources and urban equipment,
Natural
Mitigation risks.
|
|
Cultural
appropriateness.
|
Cultural identity.
|
For
the research’s quantitative approach development, a survey is applied, as a overcrowding conditions’ diagnosis technique of in homes.
Instrument that is structured through 14 questions with 3-4-5 response
alternatives and 14 dichotomous questions, where 7 study criteria are
addressed, typified as dimensions of adequate housing (see table 1).
The
information survey carried out synthesizes the main household overcrowding’s
dimensions of and complementary information on the qualitative housing deficit.
In this way, the problem is addressed by identifying overcrowding based on the
habitability criterion, which considers overcrowding among its dimensions based
on the number of people who usually reside in the dwelling and exclusive-use
bedrooms.
This
instrument also involves aspects related to the housing tenure situation,
services availability, habitability, housing economic affordability,
accessibility, location and cultural suitability, since they are subjective
housing conditions and refer to its physical setting. It has been considered
not to omit these study criteria because, from the qualitative housing deficit
perspective, they are important minimum ability conditions and necessary to
investigate.
The
applied survey reliability is in accordance with the qualitative consistency
and the questionnaire structuring based on the fundamentals concept of adequate
housing and constituted in the United Nations Program for Human Settlements, as
a tool for diagnosis and development. of effective housing policies (UN-Habitat,
2015).
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
A. Results
Considering
that the study sector was originated by a
irregular process urbanization, it is shown that 94.2% of the land where there
are housing constructions have been obtained from informal settlements, 3.8%
through legal purchase and the 1.9% by inheritance.
The
housing tenure situation is determined by the obtaining origin, the land. 97 of
the 104 dwellings heads of household surveyed are established as
usufructuaries’ since they do not carry out any property registration process.
Likewise, 3.8% are identified as having their own home, since they appear as
regular owners, and only 2.9% live for rent or lease by contract.
Regarding
access to water service, 94.2% of the homes in the study sector have access to
water service through the public network, 4.8% detail that they go to nearby
neighbors to get a certain amount of water and 1% is supplied by distributor
car.
The
sanitary system availability for the elimination of excreta, 86.5%
corresponding to 90 dwellings of the 104 surveyed make use of a well or septic
tank, and 13.5% of a latrine. In this way, results are generalized and the fact
that there is no connection to the public’s urban sewer service network is
validated.
The
garbage collection service, it is identified that there are no inconveniences,
since 100% of the respondent’s state that due to the neighborhood’s management
directive, the collection car service was consolidated at relevant times.
However, the heads of households reveal that the collection car does not go
through each of the houses due to the difficult road access, but they choose to
collect the garbage in a strategic place to facilitate the collection work.
Access
to electricity service, 75%, that is, 78 of 104 homes have an electricity
consumption meter and are connected to the public network, 14.4% have access to
the service through illegal connection, since, for insufficient resources have
delayed payments and dispensed with the service, however, 10.6% do not have a
meter.
Regarding
the housing affordability, 85.6% of the heads of household surveyed detail that
the home remains in collective ownership, while 10.6% have title deeds and 3.8%
are in a lease situation.
With
regard to the budget allocated to the housing payment only when it comes to a
rental situation, 2.9% allocate 30% of their resources to paying rent, while 1%
more than 30% and therefore 96 .2% does not apply, since collective property
prevails in the study sector.
Table 2
Number of people in
house
|
Description
|
No. Dwellings
|
Percentage
|
|
From 4 to 6 people
|
33
|
31,7%
|
|
From 6 to 8 people
|
30
|
28,8%
|
|
From 8 to 10 people
|
26
|
25,0%
|
|
More to 10 people
|
15
|
14,4%
|
|
Total
|
104
|
100%
|
Source: Information survey carried out
in the Los Artesanos neighborhood, June 2022.
According
to the data in Table 2, according to scale established about the number of
people who live in the dwelling, it is identified that 31.7% of the dwellings
in the study sector are inhabited from 4 to 6 people, the 28.8% from 6 to 8
people, while 25% from 8 to 10 people and 14.4% show that more than 10 people
live.
Figure 1. Number of
related households
Source: Information survey carried out
in the Los Artesanos neighborhood, June 2022.
According
to Figure 1, 66.3% of dwellings in the study sector are inhabited not only by
the family nucleus household head, but also by a related household. In
addition, in 23.1% of the dwellings there are 2 related households and 10.6% by
3. The representation of these data shows that the dwellings are inhabited by
more people than they can host, due to the lack of new family nuclei
Independence.
74%
of the dwellings in the study sector have 2 bedrooms, while 26% have 3
bedrooms. It is noteworthy that, based on the data obtained, in none of
dwellings were 4 rooms found, considering that 8 to 10 people live in 25% of
them, which shows that the family groups analyzed live together in shared
rooms, without room division.
While
46.2% of the respondent’s detail that more than 4 people sleep in a bedroom,
while 42.3% indicate that 4 people sleep, however, it was identified that in
10.6% of the houses 3 people they share bedrooms and only 1% represents that
two people sleep in one bedroom.
61.5%
of the dwellings are villas, and 38.5% “covachas”,
and according to the results, no dwellings classified as shacks were found.
Likewise, it is highlighted that the villas do not precisely meet housing
conditions, since they are self-constructions that regularly meet people's
privacy needs.
Table 3
Housing design
|
Housing design
|
Yes
|
No
|
|
Ease access
for everyone to housing.
|
23,1%
|
76,9%
|
|
Use all its
functionalities and comforts.
|
9,6%
|
90,4%
|
|
Environments
and independence of physical condition.
|
5,8%
|
94,2%
|
|
Total
|
|
100%
|
Source: Information survey carried out
in the Los Artesanos neighborhood, June 2022.
According to the dimensions considered in the universal
accessibility criterion, it is identified that, according to the data in Table
3, 76.9% of the respondents define that the dwelling has easy access, in
addition 90.4% state that the house does not meet the conditions of use of all
the functionalities and comforts. Likewise, 94.2% state that their homes do not
have environments and physical condition independence.
Table 4
Housing Location
|
Accessibility to
transport, labor sources and urban facilities.
|
Yes
|
No
|
|
Access to:
|
Public transport.
|
99%
|
1%
|
|
Employability opportunities
|
1%
|
99%
|
|
Health care services.
|
83,3%
|
6,7%
|
|
Education centers.
|
86,5%
|
13,5%
|
|
Green areas.
|
2,9%
|
97,1%
|
|
Community policing units
|
-
|
100%
|
|
Total
|
|
100%
|
Source: Information survey carried out
in the Los Artesanos neighborhood, June 2022.
With respect to the location criterion, in regard to the
transport accessibility, employment sources and urban equipment, Table 4
describes that 99% of the respondents have access to public transport and
consider that within the sector there are no employability opportunities.
Figure 2. Urban
equipment
Source:
Information survey carried out in the Los Artesanos
neighborhood, June 2022.
Likewise, 83.35% state
that their home’s location is close to a health care service place and 86.5% to
educational centers. In addition, 97.1% define that within the study site there
are no green or recreation areas, and 100% agree that there are no community
police units (see figure 2).
Table 5
Home security
|
Natural risks mitigation
|
Yes
|
No
|
|
Constructive safety housing and environment:
|
Strength of construction materials.
|
6,7%
|
93,3%
|
|
The house is located on sloping land.
|
46,2%
|
53,8%
|
|
The house is located in floodplain.
|
53,8%
|
46,2%
|
|
The house is exposed to natural origin risk.
|
53,8%
|
46,2 %
|
|
Total
|
|
100%
|
Source: Information survey carried out
in the Los Artesanos neighborhood, June 2022.
Regarding
the natural risk mitigation dimension, Table 5 describes that 93.3% of the
houses in the study sector do not have construction materials resistance, as
well as 53.8% of the houses are located on sloping and floodable land and
therefore 46.2% consider that the home is exposed to risks of natural origin.
B. Discussion
In
accordance with the situational diagnosis regarding household overcrowding
developed from the collection of information through the visit to the 125 homes
located in the "Los Artesanos"
neighborhood, it is identified that 104 are inhabited and 21 are unoccupied.
Indeed, the approach to the study dimensions according to the adequate housing
criteria proposed by UN-Habitat, 2015, are part of the qualitative deficit
scheme according to what Medel (2020)
proposes.
Based
on the results obtained through the surveys’ application to the study sector
inhabitants, it was determined that the majority of the houses have been built
on land which has been obtained from informal settlements and is called usufructuaries’. This implies that the housing security
tenure does not have protection, and according to Mejía and Rojas (2021)
it gives rise to the eviction possibility, likewise, scenarios of overcrowding,
urban infrastructure difficulty and access to services are generated.
The
data regarding the services dimension availability shows that the majority of
households have access to water and electricity through the public network,
however, households that have an illegal connection or do not have a meter are
also identified. Regarding the sanitary service, it is verified that there is
no access to sewage, which implies that homes have a septic tank and use a
latrine, insufficiency circumstances that allude to what Salles et al. (2021) considers
the city’s peripheral urbanization areas as an inherent challenge.
The
results validate that in household there are the existence of overcrowding,
since according to what MIDUVI (2017)
proposes, a household is overcrowded when more than three people sleep in a
bedroom, and the data show that in most of the homes surveyed more than 4
people They sleep in a bedroom.
CONCLUSION
As a
result of this work certain research proposals arise, in order to improve the
understanding of household overcrowding, from basic needs satisfaction
perspective and living conditions, it is also considered important to address
the problem through the statistical correlation analysis of variables.
Based
on everything described, it is recommended to develop research on the proposed
topic, proposing the methodological innovation of overcrowding as a fundamental
socio-territorial indicator for the design of ordinances and public policies.
Establish instruments at a local scale to identify household overcrowding in an
integral manner, and generate contributions that imply giving a greater context
to the problem in order to place it on the authority’s agendas as a pertinent
subject of their administrative competences.
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