LOS ARTESANOS’ NEIGHBORHOOD HABILITY CONDITIONS, LA LIBERTAD CITY IN VELASCO IBARRA SECTOR, SANTA ELENA - ECUADOR, 2022

overcrowding is synthesized as a dwelling habitability’s dimension, and it is identified based on bedrooms availability for the number of people who make up the household. However, in this research, the problem is contextualized, giving territory’s details or sector’s study, in addition, international and national organizations are cited that place home overcrowding as a habitability condition necessary to investigate. With this base, the research’s objective is established, which mark the characterizing process household overcrowding. Those, include the situational diagnosis’ development that allows distinguishing the study sector’s housing conditions and in effect generate strategies in accordance with the Territorial Planning Plan to minimize the problem’s progress. The methodological framework is exposed where the type and research scope is detailed, the study population and the information gathering instrument applied and structured based on the variables’ operationalization are established. The data’s quantitative analysis is shown, followed by the discussion process based on the results obtained.


INTRODUCTION
The overcrowding evolution is made up of multiple events that contributed to its origin. From the historical context, the Industrial Revolution is recognized, due to the displacement of the population towards the cities. This is due to the demographic increase that caused an unprecedented increase in the population concentrated in unhealthy spaces. This fact represented problems in the physical order, spread of diseases, premature old age, anticipated death and urban poverty; because of the housing shortage that determined that the working masses were established in reduced, unhygienic and overcrowded spaces.
conditions, based on a diagnosis situational reference to the sector's overcrowding, which allows the problem's understanding from the integral and local perspective.
In this way, the results obtained give references about the city's urban transformation, emphasizing the overcrowding's characteristics in which families live. Likewise, consider how it influences the social vulnerability situation's growth in space areas and residential structure that highlights the need to implement diagnostic mechanisms that validate the household's overcrowding situation in the sector, and serve as a systematization of population's ability conditions. Díaz and Romaní (2016) specify that household overcrowding is determined by demographic, physical and social factors. As physical factors they point out the housing design, construction habitability, sanitary situation, and environmental place's settlement. As far as the social factor is concerned, they refer to housing density and the tenure's system and home ownership.
They state that housing density becomes overcrowding when the relationship between people and available space exceeds a tolerable limit. Contexts that demonstrate housing structures' deficient existence and that represent a low index in living conditions assessment. García et al. (2018) in their article's objective analysis is Sociodemographic and household overcrowding's subjective conditions in Spain, explore sociodemographic household influence characteristics on perceived objective overcrowding, and the socioeconomic context as the main residential condition's determinant.
In this sense, they approach their analysis from the measurement of overcrowding according to objective and subjective dimensions, defining the first as the habitability conditions' assessment in terms of space and the second from the members' household perception about housing.
The authors develop a methodological tension in measurement's forms of overcrowding and its implications, since they consider that the needs or desires of households depend on the individual particularities that give rise to perceptions of conformity and nonconformity with the dwelling's conditions in which they live. This is why they also approach the overcrowding issue from population density perspectives, structure, dwelling size and the family dynamics' development.
The applied methodology focuses on the multivariate modeling development that combines two types of logistic regression to determine the factor's importance considered in overcrowding. For that, the European Union's Living Conditions Survey (ECV) is used as a statistical source to identify cross-sectional and comparable data about the housing quality and its occupation forms.
In the results obtained, they detail that 6.9% of Spanish households present objective overcrowding, and 15.6% subjective. Highlighting the following associated variables; the failed emancipation of young people and the construction of their independent family nuclei, families' economic conditions, and the forced dynamics residential mobility. Herrera and García (2014), investigate social's dynamics objective and subjective aspects in the residential space and their influence on living conditions. They focus their study on housing design from an integrating social aspect of built environmental, the inhabitant's satisfaction needs and living space.
In this way, they intend to identify the complications generated around the housing space through a methodology of non-experimental and transversal explanatory order. With the purpose of showing the relationship between the habitability's needs and the house's architectural characteristics, this through information gathering and application of a structured questionnaire.
Through the given study, the authors estimate that the characteristics of space and aspects related to social interaction are correlated with the satisfaction level in environment. They conclude that the most living space valued dimensions are; residential privacy and independence, tranquility, health and safety.
In Chile, Torres (2020), carries out a study encouraged by the concern to address the socioeconomic inequalities present in the country. To do this, it focuses on problems linked to local housing policy, to contribute to public discussion regarding the development of land use planning and housing policies.
Considers that housing policies should not be focused on aspects of housing provision, but establish interest in the urban territory's growth, in the housing space's availability, access to services, green areas, among others. Likewise, it alludes to the attributes offered by an adequate housing environment, such as; sanitation and well-being, housing independence, residential stability and territorial insertion.
For the development of his research, he makes use of the Casen Survey 2017, an instrument that allows knowing the socioeconomic situation of households, in family aspects, composition, education, health, housing and income.
Through a descriptive data's analysis, the author establishes that overcrowded homes are directly proportional to the high poverty levels and dependency on the extended family, in addition to affecting the human families' development due to the lack of satisfaction. of their needs.
Among its findings, it stands out that most of the overcrowded households are made up of 3 family nuclei, and through statistical tests and confidence intervals in the SPSS data processor, it determines that 41% lack schooling, 19% health, 34.7% habitability, and 77% do not have access to basic services. Thus, it also identifies that, in homes with 3 to 4 people, they share a bedroom, and that there is no division of environments for the development of specific activities.
Among its main conclusions, it states that overcrowding is one of the many faces of socioeconomic inequalities in the country. In addition, it is essential that it be identified as a social problem, since it includes different dimensions of living conditions evaluation and characterization analysis. Panico (2019) develops an investigation with a factor analysis approach to determine which are the variables that have a high correlation with housing well-being, based on the Pearson coefficient. This through a census diagnosis that allows measuring the social and citizens' environmental needs in a territory.
Consequently, it details that having adequate housing may be related, a priori, to the income level and employment status of household's head, in addition to the house's type of tenancy regime and the geographical location. Based on the results obtained, it corroborates the correlation of variables described and concludes that it is necessary to include these parameters within the methodologies for measuring living conditions, in order to determine, from a multidimensional approach, their correspondence in the area of well-being with housing.
Brites and Avalos (2020), developed their research on different informal settlements cases in the city of Posadas, Argentina, with the aim of examining the daily problems experienced by its residents, investigating what are the environment's disadvantages and habitat, and the repercussions on the living conditions of its inhabitants? And, how do they experience health and environmental adversities on a daily basis?
The method used consisted of a mainly exploratory and descriptive work, which was combined with qualitative instruments for recording and analyzing information, based on semi-structured interviews on living conditions, housing and habitat, with residents and community leaders.
The investigation demonstrated the structural order's disadvantages that living in the settlements implies and the related problems, referred to poverty and the precarious habitat conditions. In the settlements studied, it was pointed out that not all are the same, and it is noted that, despite the structural disadvantages conditioned by the poverty situation, an inadequate and deficient habitat, these situations are resized with the segregation's impacts.
Sarmiento (2021) focused on the socio-legal and an illegal settlement's environmental implications in Barrancabermeja (Colombia) with the aim of analyzing the existing problems in the aforementioned place, given the conditions in which its inhabitants live, making a study about critical aspects that are outside the law and that deserve to be exposed to public light to publicize the risks to which its inhabitants are subject.
The method had a qualitative approach, located in the constructivist paradigm, since, through the inductive method's application, it was possible to capture the sector's needs, in the meeting with the affected communities, and then extract new perspectives of reconstruction from their concepts. Through the analysis, their qualities and ways of life were observed, a participatory component was also carried out with local inhabitants.
The investigation found that this place, born through a process of land invasion, is totally in regulations' violations, generating a far-reaching socio-legal problem and with effects on the economic, educational, cultural, environmental and citizen security levels. Also emphasizing the environmental aspect, since it considers that there is no efficient and sustainable land' use.
In Argentina, del Castillo (2020), carried out an investigation that includes the informal human settlements study of Gran Salta, specifying that 41.8% of its population lives in conditions of poverty and 40% with deprivation of income. habitability. Based on that, it proposes to analyze urban poverty and its current manifestations, from a historical perspective of economic, social and territorial transformations.
In accordance with his theoretical considerations, he establishes that informal settlements are consolidated in the 1990s, due to the crisis' incidence in agrarian activities and insufficient wages for peasants. Likewise, a migratory process is produced, which causes the improvised appearance houses on the cities' outskirts.
To address the current poverty's manifestation, it uses the Living Conditions Index (ICVI) proposed by (Paolasso et al., 2019). According to their results, 26.7% of the population reflects a living conditions' deterioration in education terms and housing. In addition, that 29.93% of households inhabit an average of 4.4 people per dwelling, respectively, determines that 47.6% of the population is young, and that 60.09% is in an inactive or employable condition. without formal employment.
The author mentions that these city living's persistence way, the poverty's expansion and intensification and the inequalities' accentuation open numerous questions about the reversing possibilities of these informal urbanization processes. It concluded that the population's sociodemographic analysis characteristics living in poverty areas reveals conditions of vulnerability that affect the availability, space's distribution and use.
The Olivera-Lozano (2018), started from the informal settlements' persistent observation as a normal form of access to housing for the poor, even when the Mexican national housing policy implies the granting of mortgage loans on a large scale. Its objective was to show that the main housing limitation policy is the very low-income workers exclusion in poverty, for which their access to land continues to occur through the informal land market.
The analysis area is the Cuernavaca's Metropolitan Zone, with a social proportion land with respect to its total area of 86.6%, adding that 38.8% of the total population in 2010 was in a poverty situation. 17 neighborhoods coinciding with poverty spaces where the blocks with the lowest socioeconomic level were concentrated were selected. The author applied a household survey to find out the habitant's socioeconomic characteristics.
The data's analysis allowed the author to determine the poverty spaces distribution in the study area, concluding that one of initial's main causes and consolidation's subsequent development of irregular settlements is the new household's formation by people from low schooling and job skills, which constitute an obstacle for their insertion in the formal labor market with the benefits that it entails in stability terms. Hernández and Elías (2015), carries out an investigation focused on the land irregular occupation in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, qualifying it as a problem in continuous progress and frequent in cities. This is caused by the urban population increase that produces spontaneous informal settlements with great deficiencies in infrastructure and housing conditions.
It is from this problem that it elaborates an analysis proposal, with the identifying purpose and delimiting informal settlements on an urban scale and generating their needs diagnosis. The development proposal consists of an integrating physical, socioeconomic model and urban's environment spatial organization components.
Based on government spatial data and the Geographic Information System (GIS) use, the author formulated an integrating model of components supported by a multi-criteria evaluation scheme. Indeed, it establishes a methodological strategy for the informal settlements' identification and characterization.
According to the results achieved, it is defined that Juárez city has a high probability of belonging to an informal settlement, corresponding to 17% of the total territory. In addition, it presents constructions high densities in peripheral areas, inadequate living situations conditions and constant population risk being evicted, since they do not have a legal title to land.
The author concludes that the elaborated model is an important tool to know the current city's situation. And it supports that the proposed methodology application implies understanding the territorial management functionality and planning, to foresee and visualize the informal patterns of settlements and make preventive decisions so that they do not expand.
The Vega Martínez et al. (2019) investigation, analyzes the habitat territorial configuration in the Alfonso López informal settlement in the Montería city, Colombia and aimed to characterize the habitat territorial configuration based on social production in space, describing its territorial dynamics of appropriation and control.
The authors used a mixed approach with a sequential explanatory design, in which an urban planning sheet and citizen perception on the neighborhood's image were used, the study area was characterized as an informal settlement represented by the urban deficit and socioisolation or urban.
The obtained results showed an incomplete basic public services coverage, urban deficit equipment, insecurity perception, environmental vulnerability conditions and semi-consolidated urban planning. Concluding that the settlement is a scenario in which inhabiting acts build their territory with the integrating intention and interrelating with the surrounding sectors and blurring the social phenomenon segregation and habitat fragmentation.
González and Bernal (2020) investigated impact on informal public health settlements in the region, with the compiling scientific evidence aim to reflect on many cities' situation in Latin America that have been growing in an uncontrolled way. planned, with the basic absence services, which is a risk factor for the population. Through a bibliographical compilation, the information taking sources demonstrated its usefulness to make much more precise decisions, thus reducing the errors risks, through this phenomenon continuous investigation, which increases due to the purchasing society's differences.
In conclusion, the authors propose joint work to prevent problems like these from continuing to develop, using strategic planning that allows the health improvement, electrical, sewage, garbage collection systems, reducing overcrowding, improving public safety; and likewise, all the infrastructure repercussions that are generated when a community is created spontaneously.
Chanampa and Lorda (2020), carry out a brief conceptual journey through the geographical field, social geography from critical perspective to promote a reflection on city access difficulties to habitat. In this way, to characterize the informal settlements from the political and power territory dimension to analyze the regularization processes and population experience that inhabits these territories.
Through a bibliographical analysis, the authors determine that inequalities increase from the different power forms that are exercised in the urban space, mainly through control and access. In addition, they define that territorial formation, urban and housing policies is necessary for the comprehensive implementation actions in order to counteract the precarious population living conditions and urban deterioration.
Paz-Montes et al. (2021) socioeconomic study, political and environmental human impact settlements on the Cucuta city's outskirts, through a situational diagnosis that includes variables approach established by the Unmet Basic Needs (UBN) method.
The research is carried out through a mixed approach, descriptive composed method and field study, because, to obtain primary information, they use structured surveys applied in locality. To do this, they use non-probabilistic sampling under the random sampling technique.
In accordance with their findings, they showed that human settlements on city's outskirts are a community with generalized vulnerable characteristics, due to lack of housing structure and a high rate of overcrowding. In addition, they describe that the houses have a total basic services absence and precarious living conditions. Informal human settlements materialize, according to (Méndez et al., 2021), due to the public inefficient development policies around the formal supply housing, which translates into an increase in land trafficking and, in effect, families living in spaces where there are geographic risks, lack of services, sanitation, connectivity and roads.
That is why they propose public innovation laboratories as a methodology for identifying actors in informal settlements as an alternative social treatment problem, in order to know each actor's role, State-Market-Society, within the system. and consolidate the pertinent regularization strategies design Through personalized interviews, focus groups and analysis of results, the authors identified that growing demand for housing is due to the constant growth and population migration of, in addition to the lack of formal work, income and little access to credit. Likewise, they define as problem part of the local permissible attitude authorities with informal offer.
Based on their findings, they conclude that informal settlements are a social phenomenon scale that must be treated from a multidisciplinary approach, which implies the land regularization use, the urban design development plans and housing programs in partnership with companies.
private that have the necessary conditions to provide supply to demand and solve housing problems. Torres et al. (2013), consider that territorial planning is a necessary process to identify population density, human settlements, environment, access to public services, mobility and transportation. Sustaining that, the territory' disorder has an inadequate urban growth, which generates a decrease in living conditions and cities' human development.
His research is based on population's living conditions assessment through the methodology proposed an application by ECLAC, established as an indicator of Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN). This, consisting of five criteria; inadequate housing, housing with critical overcrowding, housing with inadequate public services, housing with high economic dependence and housing with school-age children who do not attend educational units.
In this way, it concludes that it is transcendental to obtain information about the territory, with prioritizing purpose indicators for specific characterization of population's living conditions. With this, simplify emerging social problems and reduce associated costs.

METHOD
The present work adjusts to the quantitative characteristics approach research. To approach the study variable, a situational diagnosis was made through the application of an information gathering instrument, which leads to a data obtained from statistical analysis.
The research development of a descriptive nature, which starts from the conglomerate analysis of scientific articles associated with the proposed topic, which allow characterizing the problem and identifying the study dimensions to carry out a situational diagnosis. The total study population is determined according to the Zoning Plan of La Libertad city 2015, where it is established that the "Los Artesanos" neighborhood is made up of 125 dwellings and it is assumed that they are probably all inhabited. For the research's quantitative approach development, a survey is applied, as a overcrowding conditions' diagnosis technique of in homes. Instrument that is structured through 14 questions with 3-4-5 response alternatives and 14 dichotomous questions, where 7 study criteria are addressed, typified as dimensions of adequate housing (see table 1).
The information survey carried out synthesizes the main household overcrowding's dimensions of and complementary information on the qualitative housing deficit. In this way, the problem is addressed by identifying overcrowding based on the habitability criterion, which considers overcrowding among its dimensions based on the number of people who usually reside in the dwelling and exclusive-use bedrooms.
This instrument also involves aspects related to the housing tenure situation, services availability, habitability, housing economic affordability, accessibility, location and cultural suitability, since they are subjective housing conditions and refer to its physical setting. It has been considered not to omit these study criteria because, from the qualitative housing deficit perspective, they are important minimum ability conditions and necessary to investigate.
The applied survey reliability is in accordance with the qualitative consistency and the questionnaire structuring based on the fundamentals concept of adequate housing and constituted in the United Nations Program for Human Settlements, as a tool for diagnosis and development. of effective housing policies (UN-Habitat, 2015).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Results
Considering that the study sector was originated by a irregular process urbanization, it is shown that 94.2% of the land where there are housing constructions have been obtained from informal settlements, 3.8% through legal purchase and the 1.9% by inheritance.
The housing tenure situation is determined by the obtaining origin, the land. 97 of the 104 dwellings heads of household surveyed are established as usufructuaries' since they do not carry out any property registration process. Likewise, 3.8% are identified as having their own home, since they appear as regular owners, and only 2.9% live for rent or lease by contract.
Regarding access to water service, 94.2% of the homes in the study sector have access to water service through the public network, 4.8% detail that they go to nearby neighbors to get a certain amount of water and 1% is supplied by distributor car.
The sanitary system availability for the elimination of excreta, 86.5% corresponding to 90 dwellings of the 104 surveyed make use of a well or septic tank, and 13.5% of a latrine. In this way, results are generalized and the fact that there is no connection to the public's urban sewer service network is validated.
The garbage collection service, it is identified that there are no inconveniences, since 100% of the respondent's state that due to the neighborhood's management directive, the collection car service was consolidated at relevant times. However, the heads of households reveal that the collection car does not go through each of the houses due to the difficult road access, but they choose to collect the garbage in a strategic place to facilitate the collection work.
Access to electricity service, 75%, that is, 78 of 104 homes have an electricity consumption meter and are connected to the public network, 14.4% have access to the service through illegal connection, since, for insufficient resources have delayed payments and dispensed with the service, however, 10.6% do not have a meter.
Regarding the housing affordability, 85.6% of the heads of household surveyed detail that the home remains in collective ownership, while 10.6% have title deeds and 3.8% are in a lease situation.
With regard to the budget allocated to the housing payment only when it comes to a rental situation, 2.9% allocate 30% of their resources to paying rent, while 1% more than 30% and therefore 96 .2% does not apply, since collective property prevails in the study sector. According to the data in Table 2, according to scale established about the number of people who live in the dwelling, it is identified that 31.7% of the dwellings in the study sector are inhabited from 4 to 6 people, the 28.8% from 6 to 8 people, while 25% from 8 to 10 people and 14.4% show that more than 10 people live. According to Figure 1, 66.3% of dwellings in the study sector are inhabited not only by the family nucleus household head, but also by a related household. In addition, in 23.1% of the dwellings there are 2 related households and 10.6% by 3. The representation of these data shows that the dwellings are inhabited by more people than they can host, due to the lack of new family nuclei Independence.
74% of the dwellings in the study sector have 2 bedrooms, while 26% have 3 bedrooms. It is noteworthy that, based on the data obtained, in none of dwellings were 4 rooms found, considering that 8 to 10 people live in 25% of them, which shows that the family groups analyzed live together in shared rooms, without room division. While 46.2% of the respondent's detail that more than 4 people sleep in a bedroom, while 42.3% indicate that 4 people sleep, however, it was identified that in 10.6% of the houses 3 people they share bedrooms and only 1% represents that two people sleep in one bedroom.
61.5% of the dwellings are villas, and 38.5% "covachas", and according to the results, no dwellings classified as shacks were found. Likewise, it is highlighted that the villas do not precisely meet housing conditions, since they are self-constructions that regularly meet people's privacy needs. According to the dimensions considered in the universal accessibility criterion, it is identified that, according to the data in Table 3, 76.9% of the respondents define that the dwelling has easy access, in addition 90.4% state that the house does not meet the conditions of use of all the functionalities and comforts. Likewise, 94.2% state that their homes do not have environments and physical condition independence. With respect to the location criterion, in regard to the transport accessibility, employment sources and urban equipment, Table 4 describes that 99% of the respondents have access to public transport and consider that within the sector there are no employability opportunities. Likewise, 83.35% state that their home's location is close to a health care service place and 86.5% to educational centers. In addition, 97.1% define that within the study site there are no green or recreation areas, and 100% agree that there are no community police units (see figure 2). Regarding the natural risk mitigation dimension, Table 5 describes that 93.3% of the houses in the study sector do not have construction materials resistance, as well as 53.8% of the houses are located on sloping and floodable land and therefore 46.2% consider that the home is exposed to risks of natural origin.

B. Discussion
In accordance with the situational diagnosis regarding household overcrowding developed from the collection of information through the visit to the 125 homes located in the "Los Artesanos" neighborhood, it is identified that 104 are inhabited and 21 are unoccupied. Indeed, the approach to the study dimensions according to the adequate housing criteria proposed by UN-Habitat, 2015, are part of the qualitative deficit scheme according to what Medel (2020) proposes.
Based on the results obtained through the surveys' application to the study sector inhabitants, it was determined that the majority of the houses have been built on land which has been obtained from informal settlements and is called usufructuaries'. This implies that the housing security tenure does not have protection, and according to Mejía and Rojas (2021) it gives rise to the eviction possibility, likewise, scenarios of overcrowding, urban infrastructure difficulty and access to services are generated. The data regarding the services dimension availability shows that the majority of households have access to water and electricity through the public network, however, households that have an illegal connection or do not have a meter are also identified. Regarding the sanitary service, it is verified that there is no access to sewage, which implies that homes have a septic tank and use a latrine, insufficiency circumstances that allude to what Salles et al. (2021) considers the city's peripheral urbanization areas as an inherent challenge.
The results validate that in household there are the existence of overcrowding, since according to what MIDUVI (2017) proposes, a household is overcrowded when more than three people sleep in a bedroom, and the data show that in most of the homes surveyed more than 4 people They sleep in a bedroom.

CONCLUSION
As a result of this work certain research proposals arise, in order to improve the understanding of household overcrowding, from basic needs satisfaction perspective and living conditions, it is also considered important to address the problem through the statistical correlation analysis of variables.
Based on everything described, it is recommended to develop research on the proposed topic, proposing the methodological innovation of overcrowding as a fundamental socio-territorial indicator for the design of ordinances and public policies. Establish instruments at a local scale to identify household overcrowding in an integral manner, and generate contributions that imply giving a greater context to the problem in order to place it on the authority's agendas as a pertinent subject of their administrative competences.