INTRODUCTION
Along with the times, the scope of security and
security threats has become wider. In the discipline of international
relations, security is divided into two types, namely traditional and
non-traditional security (Martin, 2021). The development
and discovery of new technologies that bring convenience to human life does not
only have a positive influence on human life, but also presents threats that
can affect and change human life. The development of weapons technology makes
countries in the world have defense tools that can help them improve the
security and peace of their citizens and countries (Ningsih et al., 2022). On the other hand
these developments can be misused such as to carry out terrorist attacks.
The 9/11 attacks that occurred in the United States
became a prelude for countries in the world to begin paying special attention
to acts of violence related to terrorists (Hernata & Hanura, 2022). The initiation to
eradicate terrorism was started by the United States government which then made
a policy that was offered to countries around the world through the War on
Terrorism program (Aminuddin, 2020). Since then,
countries in the world have started to make domestic policies to prevent and
eradicate terrorism. In addition, countries increase cooperation in response to
countering and dealing with terrorism in their respective countries.
Combating and eradicating terrorism is in fact not
only the responsibility of the state, it is also the responsibility of
international organizations that are involved in efforts to maintain stability,
security and peace, both in the world and in the region (Ramadhanty, 2019). The United
Nations, European Union, and NATO are some of the international organizations
that make combating terrorism one of their focuses. Organizing and increasing
cooperation with fellow international organizations is one of the efforts of
these organizations to realize their efforts to maintain security from the
threat of terrorism.
The terrorist attacks in the European Union after 9/11
began in 2014 were five (5) direct ISIS attacks that killed 188 people (Bergen et al., 2019). Since then, many
terrorist attacks in the European Union have occurred, making the European
Union as an organization responsible for maintaining stability, security and
peace, countries in Europe take further action in response to these attacks by
increasing the capacity and capability of the European Union's military by
cooperating with other countries. NATO. In 2018 in the Joint Declaration the
European Union and NATO agreed to focus on increasing military mobility and
fighting terrorism, as well as chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear
threats.
Figure
1. Statistical Data On Terrorist Attacks In European
Union Countries In 2014 - 2019
Source: Understanding Eu Counter-Terrorism
Policy
Gandhi (2018)
in his article entitled The Influence of United States - European Union
Cooperation in the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program Framework Against
Counter-Terrorism in Trans-Atlantic analyzes the effectiveness of the Terrorist
Finance Tracking Program as an effort to eradicate terrorism and explains the
influence of this collaboration on eradication efforts. terrorism in the
Trans-Atlantic. Gandhi concluded that this collaboration was quite effective
because the United States Department of Finance, Europol, and the European
Commission succeeded in investigating terrorist networks in Europe and the
United States.
Hastoro (2020)
in his writings discusses maritime security issues in the Mediterranean
sea area which is the main focus of NATO in implementing Active Endeavor
military operations considering the alliance's interests, both explicit and
implicit, regarding the magnitude of the potential threat of terrorism in the
region. NATO is present through various Navy combat fleets, Active Endeavor
operations have a significant impact on the development of maritime security in
the operational coverage area, namely the Mediterranean sea.
Mayastuti (2012)
through her article entitled Strategic Cultural Analysis in US-EU
Counter-Terror Cooperation explains how security actors develop their
counter-terror strategy through the lens of strategic culture and how an
incompatible strategic culture between these actors will make it difficult for
them to cooperate with each other. However, when the two security actors both
feel their identity is being threatened or when both of them are not being
threatened by their identity, then they can only carry out counter-terror
cooperation more smoothly.
METHOD
The research method that will be used in this paper is
qualitative (Creswell & Poth, 2016). The study using
secondary data obtained from books, journals, articles, annual reports, and the
European Union and NATO web which will be described as the effect of the
cooperation in combating terrorism between the European Union (EU) and The
North. Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 2019 - 2021 after the Joint
Declaration between these two organizations in 2018.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The European
Union is an example of how countries through collective agreements form the
rules, norms and principles that govern relations between their member states (Oesingmann, 2016). They have
created a set of rules that allow member states to collectively achieve their
respective national interests. Organizations that started as a forum for
economic cooperation to rebuild the European economy which was destroyed after
the 2nd world war over time developed the scope of their cooperation which
eventually formed a special sovereignty for the European Union to intervene in the
national policies of their member countries to comply with the policies of the
European Union. and rules that have been jointly established by the European
Union.
Maastricht European Councilagreed that the Common
Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) becomes the second pillar of the European
Union in which every security policy taken by the European Parliament must be
adopted into the domestic security policy of member states (Cardwell, 2013). So that
every incident or action that occurs in one of the member countries will be a
threat and the focus of attention of the European Union because it is a threat
to the European Union itself. One form of security threat that is troubling
countries in Europe is terrorism attacks. Since the attacks in 2014, terrorist
attacks in Europe have been increasing every year (Hutasoit et al.,
2021). Each member
state of the European Union has attempted to deal with these attacks
independently but has been unsuccessful in reducing or arresting terrorist
networks in Europe. Maintaining security and combating crime is the
responsibility of the state. However, if the crime creates unrest and threatens
the stability, security and peace of the region, then international
organizations will step in and be involved in handling it. The increasing
number of terrorist attacks in Europe has made the European Union an
organization that accommodates European countries in all fields to contribute
to protecting the European community by acting as the main forum for
cooperation and coordination between countries.
In addition to forming a common policy to prevent and eradicate terrorism
in Europe, the European Union also intervenes in helping to maintain and
improve domestic security and security in their region by cooperating with
other countries or other international organizations, one of which is NATO.
NATO is a security alliance of countries in North America and Europe which
aims to maintain the security and freedom of alliance countries through
military and political means. NATO is the main instrument of transatlantic
community security and the expression of shared democratic values (NATO, 2022a).
The existence of the threat of terrorism in Europe is certainly a form of
threat to NATO because as written in the US Mission to the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization website that in Article 5 of the Washington Agreement
states that attacks against NATO member countries are a form of attack for all
NATO members. In addition, NATO, which is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium,
of course considers terrorist attacks that often occur in European countries to
be a threat to them because they disrupt regional security in Europe.
Along with the expansion of NATO, the scope of security is being focused
not only on military threats, but also new forms of security threats, such as
terrorism and piracy that affect the alliance and global network of NATO
partners.
Terrorist attacks that occur in Europe are dominated by religion-based
terrorism. As the data below we can see that the
number of religious-based terrorism attacks has a large number.
Figure 2. Data on types of terrorist attacks in
European Union countries in 2019 - 2021
Source:
European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2022
To deal with the increase in terrorist attacks, the European Union and NATO
have deepened and expanded their cooperation in combating terrorism in the 2018
Joint Declaration (NATO, 2022b):
1. Technology to reduce the impact of terrorist attacks,
2. Development of comprehensive military capabilities
through joint training and upgrading of weapons technology, and
3. Development of concepts, doctrines, policies, and tools
for dealing with terrorists.
The expansion carried out by NATO and the European Union has made almost
all countries on the European continent a member of the organization which has
an impact on increasing the possibility of threats being received. With the
expansion of cooperation carried out by the European Union and NATO in
combating terrorism through the Defense against terrorism program of work,
terrorist attacks in Europe have decreased from year to year. Through this
cooperation, European countries have an effective strategy to thwart such
attacks and arrest terrorist actors due to the increasing use of technology or
methods for detecting unmanned aircraft systems, biometric recognition,
technical exploitation of software, and improvised explosive devices.
The data below shows the number of attacks carried out, whether executed,
failed, or thwarted as well as terrorist arrests in Europe.
Figure 3. Statistical data on terrorist attacks in
European Union countries in 2019 - 2021
Source:
European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2022
CONCLUSION
Handling
Terrorism is crucial because it can influence stability and security of society
which can also affect the world. The effectiveness of the strategy to eradicate
terrorism is needed as seen through the Defense against terrorism program of
work and the 2018 Joint Declaration of EU AND NATO, where the cooperation of
these two institutions was able to show significant results from their policies
by increasing the failure of terrorism attacks and arrests of terrorist
networks in Europe. This explains that the responsibility for world security
issues is not only the responsibility of states, but also international
organizations, in this paper the European Union and NATO. With the
collaboration of these two international organizations, they provide more
effective and tangible results by utilizing their policies and performance
connections through digital adaptation. So, to create a Europe free from this
terror threat.
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COOPERATION
OF EUROPEAN UNION (EU) AND THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) IN
OVERCOMING TERRORISM IN EUROPE ON 2019-2021