INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is geographically located at the
confluence of three major tectonic plates, namely the Indo-Australian plate,
the Eurasian plate and the Pacific plate. The three plates collide with each
other at any time and can cause earthquakes and their derivative disasters,
namely the tsunami disaster (Fuady et al., 2021). Geographically,
Indonesia is vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis,
volcanic eruptions, and other geological disasters (Cummins, 2017).
Studies related to risk communication discuss more
about risks in the health sector, especially after the emergence of the
COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 (Hidayat et al., 2021). Researcher
searches until early 2022, discussions about tsunami risk communication are still
very minimal. Seeing Indonesia's geographical location which is prone to
tsunami natural disasters which have caused the highest death toll based on
2018 BNPB (National Agency for Disaster Management) data, the researchers
assess the importance of conducting research related to risk communication
related to tsunami natural disasters (Lemona et al., 2020).
On December 22, 2018, at 22:00 western
Indonesia time (UTC+7), a tsunami struck the Sunda
Strait. It surprised the locals because there were no warning signs, such as
earthquakes (Widiyanto et al., 2020). The tsunami was
caused by the Anak Krakatau volcano, a seamount in
the middle of the Sunda Strait. A tsunami is a wave
that occurs after an earthquake, sea quake, volcanic eruption, or meteor strike
at sea (Sarapang et al., 2019). There was something unusual about the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami. The tsunami event was not marked by
tectonic activity like when tsunamis occur in general. Due to this unusual
thing, the community did not have time to save themselves. Immediately there
was a rise in sea waves which resulted in 437 fatalities, 16 people were
declared missing, 14,059 people were injured and 33,721 people had to evacuate
due to this incident (Lestari & Syarif, 2020).
Understanding
risk communication is defined as communication activities about something that
is not desired or expected. Risk communication comes in many different forms (Kimura,
2016). One approach to
risk communication is the NRC (National Research Council) approach which states
that risk communication can be defined as �an interactive process of exchanging
information and opinions among individuals, groups, and institutions regarding
risks or potential risks to human health or the environment.� The implication
of this approach is that any successful form of risk communication must include
the exchange of information and opinions and participation of all Stakeholders
from the outset (McMakin
& Lundgren, 2018).
Umang Beach Club Private Island Resort is
located on Umang Island, Sumur village, Pandeglang Ujung Kulon � Banten.
The location of Umang Island is in the location of the Sunda
Strait megathrust which has the potential for a seismic tsunami or a tsunami
caused by tectonic earthquakes, and adjacent to Mount Anak
Krakatau, about 70 km away, which causes an unsesmic
tsunami or a tsunami that is not caused by a tectonic earthquake.
The 2018 Sunda
Strait tsunami had a profound impact on Umang Island and the people living in Pandeglang, Banten and its surroundings on the coast (Pakoksung et al., 2020).
�The risk communication
carried out by Umang Beach Club Private Island Resort so far is to make a press
release to inform the state or condition of Umang Island after the tsunami that
occurred (Rafliana et al., 2022). Press releases
are informed via email, website and social media to all Stakeholders. Risk
communication activities are carried out by simulating disaster response with
all employees.
In reducing disaster risk, there
are demands for an integrated collaboration and synergy of all stakeholders.
The risk communication activities that have been carried out by Umang Beach
Club Private Island Resort have not referred to the NRC approach which involved
all Stakeholders from the beginning and Stakeholder mapping in conducting
tsunami risk communication, therefore it is necessary to formulate a risk
communication model related to preparedness in dealing with tsunamis through
Stakeholder engagement so that can minimize the risk (Robertson et al., 2019). This tsunami risk
communication model can be used for local governments and businesses on the
Indonesian coast.
Zhang et al. (2020)
created a risk communication management model involving stakeholders
based on an experience in handling the Covid-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China. The
city of Wuhan, where the Covid-19 virus was first considered successful in
dealing with this outbreak. Wuhan first announced the existence of this virus
in December 2019. The city with 11 million inhabitants was also closed by the
government (lockdown) on January 23, 2020. Around 42,000 medical workers
throughout China were sent to Wuhan. The apparatus was also deployed to
strictly regulate the border. After almost 4 months of quarantine, the lockdown
in the city was lifted on April 8, 2020. The model created by Zhang and his
colleagues from the School of Public Administration, Jilin University is based
on Wuhan's experience in dealing with the Covid-19 virus.
The model developed by Zhang and his colleagues is
also known as the government - expert - public interactive risk communication
model. The essence of this model is to focus on the interaction between the
three main parties or stakeholders in risk communication (public, government,
and experts). All three parties are equally important, and each party must be
open and share information with each other. The essence of this model is that
there is a two-way interaction between the parties in risk communication.
First, the government, in this model, the
government is responsible for risk management because the government has the
resources (hospitals, budgets, personnel, etc.) to resolve the risks. The government
conducts two-way interaction and communication with experts and the public.
Second, expert. In risk communication, the
expert becomes the party with the authority. This is because risks are
generally associated with specific information that requires certain expertise.
Information about the causes of risks to actions taken to deal with risks must
be based on scientific research. The experts involved are adjusted according to
the type of risk.
Third, the community/ public. Similar to the
government/regulators and experts, the community in this model is also
described as having interactive communication with other parties (government
and experts). Interactive communication relies on not only two-way
communication, but also a willingness to give and receive information.
According to Zhang et al. (2020) the
challenge of this government and public communication lies in deciding what to
serve and what not to serve. Should all information owned by the government be
presented or should the government withhold certain information, for example
with reasons so as not to cause panic in the community.
Government interactive communication with experts is
a key element of risk assessment and decision making, which can be seen as
internal communication. Risks associated with professional knowledge and
technology. The essence of risk management is rational action, where decisions
are based on strong scientific evidence and are morally justified (Aristyavani, 2022).
METHOD
This study uses a qualitative research approach with a
focus on case study research to construct a risk communication model in dealing
with the tsunami natural disaster. Sources of data through primary and
secondary data. Primary data collection techniques were carried out by in-depth
interviews (Sugiyono, 2019). In-depth
interviews were conducted with internal and external stakeholders of Umang
Beach Club Private Island Resort. Secondary data collection through internal
and external document analysis studies of Umang Beach Club Private Island
Resort and stakeholders related to risk communication activities through
websites, social media and literature studies.
Researchers conducted participatory observations starting
from the coastal locations of Anyer, Labuan, Panimbang to the main location, namely Umang Beach Club
Private Island Resort. This study uses triangulation with sources, namely
informants consisting of hotel stakeholders both from internal and external who
are considered to have experience or insight and also knowledge related to the
occurrence of the tsunami natural disaster, especially the Sunda
Strait tsunami on December 22, 2018.
Data analysis using the Miles and Huberman model. Data
analysis is used when data collection is in progress and when it is finished
collecting data at a certain time. During the interview, the researcher had
analyzed the answers of the interviewees.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the research, in
principle, each Stakeholder has understood their respective roles but is still
not integrated and collaborated with each other, so that a tsunami risk
communication mechanism and process is needed that can describe the involvement
of all stakeholders so that each understands its function.
Based
on the results of the analysis carried out, the researchers developed an
interactive government - expert - public risk communication model (Zhang et al., 2020). The model is based on the
experience of handling the Covid-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China. According to
Zhang, there are three important principles in risk communication, namely First
is accessibility and openness, Second, communicating early and continuously
about risk, and Third, strategic methods for communicating uncertainty. In the
first principle, Zhang also highlighted that the main problem is the perception
of the community towards risk. In the second principle, risk communication
should begin as soon as a risk is identified and continue as new information
becomes available. And third, communicating uncertainty effectively requires
assessing different levels of perception among different audiences, and using a
scientifically based approach to conveying uncertainty. In the Wuhan model, it
only involves 3 stakeholders, namely the public, government and experts.
Risk
communication is in the element of Adaptive Capacity, namely the ability to
respond to a hazard. Adaptive capacity and risk are inverse, the higher the
capacity, the lower the risk. This requires risk communication with various
strategies. The government - expert - public interactive risk communication
model involves only three main stakeholders, while in disaster management,
especially the tsunami, many stakeholders are involved both before, during and
after the tsunami disaster (Zhang et al., 2020). Therefore, the researchers
reworked the interactive government - expert - public risk communication model
by completing the Stakeholders adapted to the conditions facing the tsunami
natural disaster. Thus, a novelty was found in this study, namely the TRICOSTE
(Tsunami Risk Communication Through Stakeholder Engagement) model which focuses
on the risk of tsunami natural disasters. In this model reprocessing the
Stakeholder element from the government - expert - public interactive risk
communication model Zhang et al. (2020) which only uses 3
Stakeholders and in TRICOTSE researchers use 8 Stakeholders. In addition,
researchers also developed this model equipped with elements of integrated
stakeholder communication collaboration, Building Messages, Communication
Media, Communication Activities, Stakeholders, Behavior Change and Disaster
Risk Reduction.
The
TRICOTSE model has six elements in its process. First is to place Stakeholders
or Stakeholders as important actors in the risk communication process starting
from upstream to downstream and vice versa so that it will be like a rotating
current. Integrated stakeholder communication collaboration consists of 8
Stakeholders involved are First, namely the Government consisting of BMKG
(Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency) which is upstream in
the initial information data to be forwarded, PVMBG (Center for Volcanology and
Geological Hazard Mitigation) which is also a provider of information data
related to the status of volcanology and this is only to be considered for
inclusion in Stakeholders to see the experience of the Sunda
Strait tsunami incident 2018 which was caused by the landslide of Mount Anak Krakatau, BNPB (National Agency for Disaster
Management) which was downstream at the time of the disaster but remained part
of the Stakeholders because it played an important role in carrying out
disaster risk communication activities, BPBD (Department of the National
Disaster Management Agency) Regional Disaster Management) as the implementer in
each region, Basarnas (National Search and Rescue
Agency) plays a role in evacuation during disaster events but is also involved
in carrying out disaster risk communication activities, Local Government (Local
Government) as leader and decision maker in the region to determine condition
status an area and also "push the button" when the community must
evacuate, the Indonesian Army/ Police are tasked with maintaining the stability
of the security of Indonesian citizens and in disasters their role is in
disaster prevention and management, the Health Service plays a role when a
disaster strikes and the Social Service is related to the program. Social
granary as part of disaster prevention and mitigation. Second, namely radio as
a means of communication in disaster conditions and the most likely means of
communication to reach remote villages such as RRI Banten for example. Third,
cellular network providers such as Telkom play an important role in
communicating. Fourth, are hotels and PHRI (Indonesian Hotel and Restaurant
Association), especially those located on the coast to be part of the spread of
risk communication in protecting tourists and their employees. Fifth, is the
industry, in this case, which is located close to the coast, as in Cilegon, many factories are very close to the beach. Sixth,
is a university whose role is to assist the government in developing research
and also assisting the community. Seventh, is that NGOs/ Communities take part
in risk communication by spreading positive energy to local residents to build
awareness regarding the risk of a tsunami disaster. Eighth, is the risk
community that plays a role from upstream to downstream where its role is also
needed in building messages, conveying and implementing risk communication and
then providing feedback on the message.
The
second element, namely Building Messages or Create Messages, is a communication
strategy in conveying a risk, how to create a message related to disaster risk
that can be easily accepted by stakeholders. Previously, it was necessary to
have a common perspective related to the risk of the tsunami disaster itself,
starting from upstream to downstream, which meant starting from local leaders,
institutions as well as local community leaders, to be able to equalize the
tsunami risk perspective. After that, in the message content, it is necessary
to pay attention to the function of the risk communication that will be made.
Starting from being informative, educating, entertaining and also influencing,
of course, according to the intended audience for that it is necessary to
understand the audience starting from segmentation to the audience's experience
in disasters so that the messages created can be conveyed properly. Still on
the second element, it is also necessary to pay attention to data sources to
avoid misunderstandings, even the worst are hoaxes. Therefore, there is a need
for regulations related to data sources that are used as references in
disasters. and lastly on the Create Message element is the Key Message, how to
determine the key facts or communication issues to be conveyed, then the most
important benefits to be conveyed, and key message points that must be included
and or conveyed into all messages in tsunami risk communication activities.
The
third element is Media Communications and Communications Activities. Media Communication
is determining what media will be used in conveying risk communication
messages. Determine starting from the type of media that will be used, whether
conventional media or new media, then the characteristics of the media whether one way communications or two way communications, and
finally the target audience of the media is general or specific. Mapping media
usage is important so that all Stakeholders are reached to get the message.
Communication Activities are risk communication activities, such as simulations
consisting of socialization, evacuation exercises, Table Top Exercises,
Functional Exercises and Tsunami drills. In addition, there is also a program
launched by BMKG as a risk communication activity, namely the Tsunami Field
School which is the initial stage to achieve the Tsunami Ready recognition
program initiated by UNESCO.
The
fourth element is the target audience in this tsunami risk communication, which
is to return to Stakeholders which includes Victim or victims who experienced
the tsunami disaster, Handling the risk is the actor who handles the risk of a
tsunami disaster if it occurs, and Prepare the mitigation is the one who plays
a role in making mitigation strategies tsunami disaster. Stakeholders will
engage from upstream to downstream and continue to form a risk communication
circle.
The
fifth element is Change Behavior. This is the purpose of risk communication
delivered in the event of a tsunami disaster. How can messages conveyed both
through communication media and communication activities be conveyed properly
to Stakeholders and then raise awareness of the risk of a tsunami disaster and
then want to change behavior to become a community that is resilient to tsunami
risk and is quick to respond in the event of a tsunami disaster and has a Sense
of a high crisis will be a disaster not only a tsunami.
Moreover,
the last is the element of Disaster Risk Reduction which is the final goal of
the entire process from beginning to end to be able to reduce disaster risk and
this can be assessed when a disaster occurs how many victims in an area, and
what is expected is Zero Victim. This is the hope of all stakeholders, but in
order to achieve it, synergies with all stakeholders need to be carried out in
carrying out a series of tsunami risk communication activities with a full
sense of responsibility and consistency in implementing them. The following is
an overview of the TRICOTSE Model:
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Figure
1. TRICOTSE (Tsunami Risk
Communication Through Stakeholder Engagement) Model
CONCLUSION
The substance of this research resulted in the TRICOTSE
(Tsunami Risk Communication Through Stakeholder Engagement) model, namely
tsunami risk communication through communication strategies and Stakeholder
engagement by processing the government - expert - public interactive risk
communication model and also the NRC (National Research Council) risk
communication approach which was developed in 1996. In the interactive
government - expert - public risk communication model, only three main stakeholders
are involved, while in disaster management, especially the tsunami, many
stakeholders are involved both before, during and after the tsunami disaster.
Therefore, the researchers reworked the Wuhan risk communication model by
completing the Stakeholders adapted to the conditions facing the tsunami
natural disaster. So that a novelty was found in this study, namely the
TRICOSTE (Tsunami Risk Communication Through Stakeholder Engagement) model
which focuses on the risk of tsunami natural disasters using 8 stakeholders. In
addition, researchers also developed this model equipped with elements of
integrated stakeholder communication collaboration, Building Messages,
Communication Media, Communication Activities, Stakeholders, Change Behavior
and Disaster Risk Reduction.
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