INTRODUCTION
Dusun Limbungan is a Sasak settlement area located in
the village of Perigi, Suela District, East Lombok regency, West Nusa Tenggara
and its territory is located in the hills with an altitude of 750 meters above
sea level and more precisely located on the slopes (feet) of Mount Rinjani.
Where each settlement has a very large area of two hectares surrounded by rice
fields. Sasak settlements are generally clustered and lined up. The pattern and
formation of traditional residential space is one form of cultural heritage that
has historical, philosophical value from the local community, therefore one of
the traditional villages has a unique spatial pattern that has cultural value (Dewi, 2016). Traditional
architecture is a form of architecture that is passed down from one generation
to the next (Rapoport, 2016). Traditional
homes are also a source of inspiration that can be used to inform the design of
contemporary building (Irsa & Masdar, 2013).
Moreover, traditional dwellings in Indonesia have undergone several changes.
Due to a scarcity of reed and other materials derived from wood, one of them is
distinguished by the use of modern roofing materials such as corrugated metal
(zinc) (Prasetyo, Alfata, & Pasaribu, 2014). Studying
traditional buildings allows people to study the culture of a society that is
more than just physically building traditions. Traditional communities,
especially those that are still bound by customs that become concessions in
living together. There are norms of values and rules in the present there are
still many possibilities to change in an effort to find a cultural identity
that is applied to traditional buildings. Therefore one of the
traditional villages has a unique spatial pattern full of cultural values (Subiyantoro, 2019). The orientation of the
Sasak tribe in the settlement environment in the Limbungan Hamlet can indicate
the direction of orientation (Sabrina, Antariksa, & Prayitno, 2010). Thus, it is interesting
to investigate further.
The orientation of the Sasak tribe in the
environmental management of settlements in Dusun Limbungan can show the
direction of orientation, so it is interesting to study further. According to Idawari (2011) the orientation of the traditional house is very
important and very disakrlalkan, there are several elements that are often used
as a benchmark orientation of the traditional house is the mountain, sun, sea,
river and wind direction. The orientation of houses in traditional settlements can be
influenced by the cosmological view of the local community (Ismanto & Sudarwani, 2020; Rayson, Mohammad, & Suryasari, 2014). There is an example of a toraja traditional building
whose pattern is lined up from East to West. In the cosmology of Aluk todolo
the direction of the setting sun (West) which is seen where the spirits of
ancestors reside as the direction of death and the direction of the Rising Sun
(East) which is quite seen as the direction of birth as the direction of the
future (Sumalyo, 2004). The existence of the basics of toraja settlement
pattern that follows a pattern of orientation matallo-mattampu (east-west) with
tongkonan arrangement facing north and south facing alang and spatial form.
This concept is derived from some of the teachings of cosmology Aluk todolo (Mithen & Onesimus, 2003).
Determination of the orientation of the house is also
related to a belief of the community against something important such as the
direction of the traditional settlements facing the shipyard that always
believe in the magic of Gununng and orientsi facing the House should not be in
front of the mountain or the North and South. Examples in Bugis settlements in
mata village form two types of patterns, namely linear and clustered. Rivers
associated with seas and rivers, (Nurjannah & Anisa, 2010). Bugis houses in TadampaliE village are oriented to
the four cardinal directions, namely East, West, North and South (Naing, 2018). But the good and bad of such orientation towards
residents of the house depends on the placement of the main door. According to Shima (2006), orientation that is considered good is generally
oriented to the East-West according to the cardinal directions.
Bajeng-Gowa-South Sulawesi has always been the orientation of traditional
houses on the entry of islam,on the West and East.
Where the West began to be considered the most sacred direction because of the
location of the Qibla of islam. And to the East is the direction of the Rising
Sun that can symbolize fertility and zest for life (Idawari, 2011).
Interesting research to study the elements that serve
as the main benchmark orientation of the house and its meaning, and can be
analyzed to determine the characteristics of the orientation of the traditional
house of the Sasak tribe in Dusun Limbungan. Based on the description of the
orientation of traditional houses from studies that have been carried out, the
characteristics of the orientation of houses in the Sasak tribe settlement of
Dusun Limbungan will be studied based on the settlements of settlement groups
in this hamlet, taking into account the character of
the topographic conditions of the environment. Looking for the concept of
orientation based on traditional beliefs and customs of the local community and
other factors, the ultimate goal is to determine the characteristics of sasak
orientation and factors to be a reference from the orientation of community
houses in Dusun Limbungan, which is based on the approach of traditional rules
and traditions of the local community.
METHOD
This methodology uses descriptive
qualitative research analysis to discuss and compare the characteristics of the
orientation of the sasak tribe in the hamlet of Limbungan. Qualitative research
method is used to examine the condition of the natural object in which the researcher
as a key instrument (Sugiyono, 2019). Descriptive research can examine
the status of groups such as humans, conditions, objects and systems of thought
and events where now with the aim of making descriptive done in a systematic
way, factural and accurate about the facts to be examined (Nazir, 2014).
There are ways
of collecting data that can be used is observation, literature/ documentation
and interviews. While the selection of informants can use purposive sampling
techniques. Purposive sampling is a technique of taking samples not based on
random, starata or area but rather based on considerations that focus on a
specific purpose (Arikunto, 2013). Interviews can be used as a data
collection technique to find a problem that will be investigated if the
researcher wants to know things from various informants more in – depth (Sugiyono, 2019). Observation Data and interviews
conducted by all buildings in the hamlet of Shipyard have the characteristics
of the settlement along with the character of the environment, which is where
the topography of the settlement is in the hilly area. The discussion process
can be started with an explanation of the general description of the location
of the study by being able to describe the general characteristics of Dusun
Limbungan related to the orientation of houses in Sasak settlements from the
results of interviews conducted, and can identify and analyze the
characteristics of the orientation of traditional Sasak houses in Lombok and
finally formulate the final conclusion from the results of the discussion about
the characteristics of the orientation of the Sasak tribe in Dusun Limbungan.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Location Description
The research location was in Dusun LImbungan, Desa Perigi, Kecamatan Suela,
Kabupaten Lombok Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat. The exact location is a
traditional Sasak House in the hamlet of Limbungan which is in the hills and at
the foot of Mount Rinjani. Dusun Limbungan is one of several hamlets in East
Lombok regency, and Dusun Limbungan has a historical heritage, namely
traditional Sasak houses which are located in hilly areas with natural
environmental conditions that are still very natural in the form of
plantations, rice fields and forests.
Figure 1.
Description of Research Locations in West Limbungan and East Limbungan
The boundaries of Dusun Limbungan are as follows: south
of Mount Rinjani, North: residents' settlements (Desa Perigi), East : West Limbungan, West: East Limbungan.
B. History of Research Locations
There is a brief history of traditional Sasak settlements
in Dusun Limbungan which is located in Desa Perigi which before becoming a
village, perigi was known as Bukit Durian which was obtained by the refinement
of government rules during the New Order period, bukit durian was later
immortalized as the name of the hamlet. in descending order
and from the languages that why it can be called Bukit Durian which is
given the first name and well after becoming a village area. When it was still
a jungle and wilderness, there are large trees and underneath overgrown with
thorns so cut down the forest is very difficult because at that time footwear
in the form of sandals or shoes did not exist at all, but there is a person
although not wearing footwear he is very immune and not pierced by thorns.
Therefore he cut down and cut down the jungle to be used as agricultural land
to quickly take place after many years people began to come to make a bale –
bale (gubuq) led by the above. Because the soil is quite sloping, the rocks are
installed so that they can withstand soil avalanches. Before the emergence of
the village, there was a kampung Limbungan which in history had opposed the
invaders from the Netherlands so as not to pay tribute (tax) so that the Dutch
leadership was very angry and ordered to attack the shipyard so that there was
a war that could be known as silat Limbungan which was led by pepadu, among
others Patih Darwasih, Guru Kepak, Penganten Ratnayu. At that time, the
shipyard could be defeated by the Dutch, so many figures from the shipyard were
captured and sent (discarded) to Aceh and Sumatra.
In a story that was
obtained, the shipyard community when there was a hill War, The Shipyard Hill
was controlled by people from Bali. When dominated by the Balinese, the people
of the Sasak Limbungan tribe moved to the Pringgabaya area and soon probably
died their rice fields. When they lived in Pringgabaya, they built the economy
from scratch by opening an agricultural field.
C. Concept of Orientation in
Traditional Sasak Settlement
Interviews with Indigenous
stakeholders in the shipyard stated that, in general, traditional Sasak
settlements are oriented in one direction, namely towards the East. Can be
interpreted the best and recommended east direction facing east, due to the
direction of the Rising Sun, in this case, the traditional house facing the
East will be kept away from reinforcements and calamities and the arrival of
abundant sustenance.
Orientation towards North and
South is not recommended in the hamlet of Limbungan, because the building
should not be turned back and in front of the mountain because it will oppose
the gods or will get disaster and reinforcements when opposing the rule. In
addition, the mountain is a place where the people of Dusun Limbungan earn a
living where the original people of Limbungan work as farmers, so that it
becomes a form of appreciation for the mountains which become a source of life.
Therefore, traditional Sasak settlements always choose the direction of
orientation to the East compared to the south and North for the sake of
security, trust in local customs and culture (Wirata & Sueca, 2014).
Figure 2.
Concept of Sasak Orientation in Limbungan Hamlet
Source:
Analysis Results, 2015
D. Orientation in Limbungan Hamlet (Bale Tani)
Settlements in Dusun LImbungan
Barat and Limbungan Timur, physically have been in different locations and
separated between the East and West shipyards. The settlement pattern is
symmetrical where the traditional house follows the contour direction. The
orientation of this traditional house is generally facing east and is on the
slopes of Mount Rinjani. In the traditional Sasak settlement there are two
buildings, namely the Sasak traditional house (bale tani) and Panteq (Rice
barn) located on tanah datar. While for bale tani is in a high place (contour).
Characteristics of sasak settlement patterns as in the picture (Figure. 3)
·
Contoured soil is
usually filled by Bale Tani
·
Flat land filled by
footpaths and panteq (rice barns)
Figure 3.
Characteristics of the Orientation of the Sasak Tribe in the embankment and the
Contour Display Model of the Building
Source:
Analysis Results, 2015
The
direction of orientation along with the residential layout is always facing
Mount Rinjani, which can be said to have an upper nature and can have a very
high hierarchy of space. The traditional settlement of the Sasak tribe in the
shipyard has a cosmological concept by maintaining a balance between the
trajectory of the sun and the position of Mount Rinjani which is very believed
to be the place of origin of the Sasak ancestors. The arrangement of settlement
patterns based on having a belief system, the Sasak traditional settlements
have a very symmetrical, distinctive, and even symmetrical pattern and the
pattern is still maintained today. According to (Snyder and Catanese 1984) it
can be understood that the traditional society that has been formed from a
dwelling has a pattern of arrangement that can refer to a very sacred thing.
Without neglecting the role of other factors, rituals and
religion are the center of consideration, so that occupancy and
settlements are formed that become meaningful. The importance of orientation and layout in traditional residential buildings is an
expression of cosmology based on beliefs and traditions based on culture.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study indicate that the basis for the
emergence of the orientation of the Sasak traditional house in Limbungan Hamlet
is related to the orientation concept, which assumes that the best Sasak
traditional house always faces east by following the topographical contours in
Limbungan Hamlet. The orientation of the layout of the Sasak settlement in
Limbungan Hamlet faces east, and there is an orientation formation that is a
legacy of traditional and cultural traditions that have become the provisions
of the Sasak tribe in Limbungan Hamlet. The settlement pattern of the Sasak
traditional houses in Limbungan Hamlet is very concerned with a natural aspect
which is strongly reflected in the house's location, which always follows the
hill topography where traditional houses are always from the bottom to the top
of the hill. The orientation is strictly prohibited from facing north and south
because it can lead to the belief that houses facing north and south were
considered to be against the gods and cause bad things to happen to the house
owner. The choice of the east direction is due to the safety of the traditional
house, which can resist Bala and bring sustenance.
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ORIENTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SASAK TRADISIONAL HOUSE (BALE
TANI) IN LIMBUNGAN HAMLET, EAST LOMBOK REGENCY