INTRODUCTION
Onjhem is the local name of the Pasongsongan fishing
community for FADs made of coconut leaves tied to a 120 meter long rope with a
float made of bamboo. The history of onjhem has started hundreds of years ago,
namely fishing aids that are widely used by fishermen to create planned fishing
areas with the aim that Indian Scad fish can gather so that fishing operations
can be more effective and efficient (Rahman, Kusnadi, & Suharijadi, 2019). In connection
with that, not a few experts and observers in the field of fisheries are
concerned about the use of onjhem as a tool for collecting fish (FADs) which
are considered disturbing and even damaging to fish ecological factors,
especially for fish that have the behavior of migrating from an area waters
from one waters to another, especially for fish that are long distance
migration, for example Indian Scad fish (Adawiyah, Umiyah, & Setyati, 2015). FADs are floating
devices used by fishermen to increase the harvest of pelagic fish such as tunas
by combining them (Moreno et al., 2016). FADs can be
identified quickly, reducing search time and operation expenses, and since they
can be discovered at any time of day using a computer screen, they can be
fished on as early as dawn (Davies, Mees, & Milner-Gulland, 2014). Another opinion
states that the use of onjhem is very likely to cause overfishing (Dinas, 2013).
In general, these concerns are about the sustainability of fish resources in a
waters area. Since as a framework for fishery management, scientific stock
evaluations are necessary for the sustainable use of fishery resources (Mu et al., 2021). In relation to
the use of FADs (onjhem), the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the
Republic of Indonesia issued Ministerial Regulation No. 26/MEN/2014 concerning
FADs with the hope that the use of FADs can be better regulated and monitored.
����������� An
average of 74 Purse Seine vessels per year in Pasongsongan use onjhem to catch
kite (Decapterus russelli). As is known, that Indian scad can be caught all
year round except during bad weather (Taeran, 2007). Moreover, Indian
scad fish is a kind of small pelagic fish that is frequently found in
Indonesian oceans (Ahmad, Susanto, & Hamisi, 2021). Indian scad in
Pasongsongan has been practiced for a long time, starting with the operation of
payang from natural fibers colored with natural dyes, namely from mangrove tree
bark and operated by wind-powered wooden boats (using sails) (Mustofa & Setyobudiandi, 2019). At that time,
fishermen were already using onjhem, although in limited quantities, no more
than 2 per boat.
Currently, the Indian scad fishing has used Purse
Seine fishing gear with nets made of synthetic materials and operated by boat
using engine power. From year to year the number of onjhem used by fishermen is
increasing. The increase in the number of onjhem in line with the number of
ships is very worrying for various parties about the sustainability of Indian
scad fish in these waters (Poojary, Tiwari, & Sundaram, 2015). However, there is
a habit of fishermen or can be categorized as local wisdom, namely although
each ship has many onjhem (7 ~ 12 units) installed in the sea, but every day
they go to the sea, it turns out that only 1 onjhem is taken for fish with a
note that they choose onjhem that are suspected to be onjhem (Suastra, 2018). Moreover, Use of
FAD Onjhem in the operation of the instrument for catching payang in the Madura
Strait, particularly in Gili Ketapang Probolinggo Regency, has an equally large
impact on the yield of capture results (Primyastanto, 2016). Inhabited by
Indian scad fish in large numbers. This habit or behavior of fishermen is
something that is interesting to study, does this behavior have a positive
impact on the survival of Indian scad fishing, especially in Pasongsongan
waters or its vicinity? Could this behavior address the concerns of experts
about the use of onjhem in fishing?
In this study based on those phenomenon, it was
attempted to analyze with the following approaches: technical, namely the
number of onjhem; biological, namely the distribution of the size and level of
maturity of the gonads as well as the level of utilization. The results of this
study are expected to provide a real picture of how the local wisdom of
Pasongsongan fishermen maintains the sustainability of Indian scad fish
resources in their waters.
METHOD
The method used for data analysis from 2015 to
2021, namely quantitative descriptive (Creswell, 2010)
with an approach to technical, biological, and level of utilization aspects.
A. Technical
Approach, analyzed data from 2016 � 2021.�
The formula used are:
CPUE = Cyi /
FADs
CPUE���������� =
Catch per Unit Effort
Cyi�������������� =
Yearly of Catches
FADs����������� =
Yearly of Number of Onjhem
B. Biological
Approach, 2019-2020 data
1)
Distribution
of Monthly Bodylength of Fish
2)
Distribution
of Gonado Maturity Level
C. Utilization
Rate for data 2015 � 2021
The formulation used is as shown in
Table 1 with a note that the effort used is the number of fishing trips
Table 1
Formula for calculating CPUE, MSY, TPc, TPf, and TAC
|
CPUE
|
MSY
|
TPc dan TPf
|
TAC
|
|
CPUE = Ct/Ft
(Gulland, 1983)
|
C = af + b(f)2
fopt =������ - a/2b
MSY = -a2/4b
(Suastra, 2018)
|
TPc = (Ci/MSY) x 100%
TPf = (fs/fopt ) x 100%
(Taeran, 2007)
|
TAC = 80% x MSY
(FAO, 1995)
|
Description
:
CPUE = Catch per Unit
Effort.
Ct =
Catches in year Yi)(tons).
Ft = Number
of trip in year
C = Number of�� catches (tons/trip)
a = Intercept
b = Slope
f = Number
of trip in year
fopt = Efforts
optimum (trips)
TPc=Yearly Level of utilization(%)�����������������
Ci = Yearly Catches (tons).���������������������
MSY= Maximum Sustainable Yield (tons).
TPf = Level
of effort in that year (%) .
Fs= effort standart in that year
(trips).
fopt= Optimum
effort (tons).
TAC = Total Allowed Catches
(tons).���������������������
Table 2
Classification of Fisheries Resource Utilization Level
|
Classification
|
|
1
|
Underfished
|
0-33%
|
|
2
|
Moderate
|
33,3-66,6%
|
|
3
|
Optimum
|
66,6-99,9%
|
|
4
|
Overfished
|
> 100%
|
�(Ultokseja, 1991)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A.
Technical
Approach
Figure 1.� Graph
of Number of Onjhems and CPUE
(Catch per Number of Onjhems)
������ The number
of onjhems used by fishermen annually fluctuates from 2016 to 2021 because they
are damaged and lost and there are new additions. However, the catch per
onjhems (CPUE= Catches/Number of onjhems) shows a positive result, meaning that
a higher number of onjhem can still produce a higher number of fish. These
results indicate that the use of onjhem followed by local wisdom in its
operation can still maintain the sustainability of the potential of Indian scad
fish in Pasongsongan waters.
B.
Distribution
of Bodylength and Gonadal Maturity Level of Indian scad
�
�� 
� �
�� 
�� 
�� 
Figure 2. Graph of the Monthly Distribution of Body
Length of Indian scad
������ Figure 2
shows that the presence of Indian scad in the fishing area still varies based
on body length. In December ~ May the proportion of fish with body length was
17.1cm ~ 18.6 cm and 18.7cm ~ 20.2 cm more than other sizes, that is, the size
of the fish was larger than that caught in September ~ November; September ~
November the proportion of fish with body length of 13.5 cm ~ 15.4 cm is more
than other sizes; The smaller fish bodylength size can also be caught in June ~
August, which is 9.1 cm ~ 13.8 cm. The distribution of the bodylength size of
the Indian scad in this annual period shows that the variation in body size is
very clear which indicates that the regeneration of the scad in the fishing
area is going well. As a reference for gonadal mature scad using the research
results of Pralampita and Chodriyah (2017), that gonadly
mature scad in Rembang waters starts from 18.9 cm. So the evidence from the
analysis of the bodylength distribution of Indian scad caught with Purse Seine
based on data from 2019 and 2020 shows that local wisdom of using onjhem by
Pasongsongan fishermen can still maintain the sustainability of the potential
of Indian scad in these waters.
������ Further
analysis was carried out on the gonads of fish caught based on data in 2019 and
2020. These results are shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5 which are also the results
of studies by (Maskuriyah & Zainuri, 2021). In Figure 3, it
is known that all the increase in gonad maturity of the male scad are still
caught throughout the year with monthly variations. Especially for the month of
January, Indian scad are still caught with gonad maturity level 1 and 2;
Entering February, the gonad maturity level 2 and 3. In July it was found that
Indian scad with gonad maturity level 1 were caught again as well as 2 and 3;
August completes the maturity level of the gonads caught in the previous month,
namely 1, 2 and 3, then more mature fish are also caught with a gonadal
maturity level of 4. In September - November the fish are ready to spawn,
namely the gonad maturity level 5 can be caught, specifically for the month of
November, the size of fish with gonad maturity level 1 caught back. These
results indicate that the capture of Indian scad fish with variations in the
level of gonad maturity 1 to 5 provides an overview of the local wisdom of
using onjhem to complement the existing evidence.
Figure 3. Frequency Distribution of Monthly Gonad
Maturity Level (GML) For Male
����������� The
trend of the same results was also shown for the distribution of female scads,
namely the varying levels of gonad maturity as a catch from the Purse Seine,
ranging from gonadal maturity level 1 to 5 (Figure 4).
Figure 4.
Frequency Distribution of Monthly Gonad Maturity Level (GML) For Male
�����������
On the basis of the same data, when viewed by season,
the evidence of local wisdom using onjhem for catching Indian Scad fish in
Pasongsongan and surrounding waters will be more visible. In both the Rainy
Season and Dry Season (Figure 5) all levels of gonad maturity from level 1 to 5
can be caught, although in different proportions. This means that the potential
and regeneration of Indian Scad fish in Pasongsongan and surrounding waters is
not threatened by the use of onjhem by fishermen. Local wisdom, namely by
utilizing only one (1) onjhem in each fishing operation, is still able to
maintain the sustainability of the scad fish resources.
Figure 5.
Frequency Distribution of Gonad Maturity Level (GML) by Season
Note : GML= Gonado Maturity Level
C. Utilization
Rate
Complementing the previous results,
Table 3 below shows the Utilization Level of Indian Scad Fish in Pasongsongan
waters. In the table, it can be seen that the Average Utilization Level of
Indian Scad Fish is in the optimum position. Although in 2018 it showed an
overfishing utilization rate, in the following years it turned out that the
reuse rate was in the optimum position. This further emphasizes how local
wisdom using onjhem eliminates concerns that the use of FADs (Fish Aggreating
Devices/FADs) can interfere and even�
threaten the sustainability of fish.
Table 3
Utilization Rate (TPC), Effort Level (TPF) and
Allowable Utilization Rate (TAC) of Indian Scad Fish in Pasongsongan Waters
|
Year
|
Catches (tons)
|
Number of Trip
|
TPC = Catches �/ 1.873,17 (MSY) (%)
|
TPF =
Effort / 3.419,40���� (Fopt)
(%)
|
TAC =
Produksi / 1.498,53 (TAC) (%)
|
|
2015
|
872.73
|
1259
|
46.59*
|
36.82
|
58.24
|
|
2016
|
1424.02
|
1273
|
76.02**
|
37.23
|
95.03
|
|
2017
|
1386.00
|
3028
|
73.99**
|
88.55
|
92.49
|
|
2018
|
2279.66
|
3351
|
121.70?
|
98.00
|
152.13
|
|
2019
|
1865.84
|
3826
|
99.61**
|
111.89
|
124.51
|
|
2020
|
1707.10
|
3289
|
91.13**
|
96.19
|
113.92
|
|
2021
|
1840.94
|
3402
|
98.28**
|
99,49
|
122.85
|
|
Mean
|
1625.18
|
2775.43
|
86.76
|
81.17
|
108.45
|
Noted: *� =
moderat;**= optimum; ?= overfishing
CONCLUSION
����������� The
number of onjhems used by fishermen annually fluctuates from 2016 to 2021
because they are damaged and lost and there are new additions. Moreover, the
evidence of local wisdom using onjhem for catching Indian Scad fish in
Pasongsongan and surrounding waters will be more visible. The results showed
that the Pasongsongan fisherman's habit of catching Indian Scad fish
(Decapterus russelli) using FADs (onjhem) which became local wisdom could
maintain the potential and sustainability of Indian Scad fish resources in
these waters.
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LOCAL WISDOM USING ONJHEM TO CATCH INDIAN SCAD (DECAPTERUS
RUSSELLI) IN PASONGSONGAN WATERS (SUMENEP-MADURA REGENCY) AND SURROUNDING AREAS