Petrus
Emanuel de Rozari, Hironnymus Jati, Reyner F. Makatita
University
of Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia
Email: [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected]
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ARTICLE INFO
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ABSTRACT
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Received : 28 April
2022
Revision : 11 May
2022
Received : 22 May
2022
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The
purpose of the study was to understand cultural factors and their influence
on the financial literacy of Wulandoni traditional barter market traders in
Lembata Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. This study uses a qualitative
and quantitative approach. Data were collected by observation and in-depth
interviews with selected informants. Questionnaires were distributed to 50
barter market traders who were determined randomly to determine the influence
of culture on financial literacy using statistical measuring tools. The
results showed that the barter market activity decreased from time to time in
terms of quantity, quality, and execution time. Market participants who use
barter and money systems are increasing. The factor that makes the barter
market survive is the reason for the cultural traditions passed down from
generation to generation. The traders believe that this tradition should not
be violated because it will wreak havoc on them. The financial literacy of
traders is in a low category in terms of general knowledge of finance,
savings, loans, insurance, and investment. The statistical tests show a
significant influence between culture and financial literacy on barter market
traders. For this reason, in addition to strengthening cultural traditions,
it is necessary to improve the financial literacy and cultural literacy of
traders and the community, especially the younger generation, to continue to
preserve barter market activities in Wulandoni.
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Keywords:
Culture;
financial literacy; barter; wulandoni
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Introduction
At this
time, the existence of traditional markets is facing the challenges of global
cultural flows (Brata, 2016). In addition, there is a
conflict between traditional markets and modern markets �(Yuspin, 2019). There are even
conflicts between traditional markets and digital markets (Dewi, 2008). Traditional markets are
more identified with selling places that are shabby, chaotic, muddy, stuffy,
smelly, stuffy, and unstandardized products. Modern markets tend to be more in
demand with management systems that are more organized, clean, comfortable, and
strategic. People who visit modern markets are considered more prestigious,
especially teenagers. The digital market is also experiencing the same
condition by taking advantage of advances in technological developments, making
shopping activities easier, more convenient, and faster.
Traditional
market is an integral part in the nation's economic wheel (Putra & Rudito, 2015). The
traditional market is a space for commodity transactions for subsistence needs,
the process of which is characterized by a rural atmosphere with a strong tradition.
Which tradition is thought to have influenced his financial understanding and
behavior. This is needed to maintain the existence of traditional markets
because certain community groups still need them. The existence of traditional
markets faces strong challenges amid a global culture that directly impacts
consumer behavior (Guiso, Sapienza, & Zingales, 2006).
The threat of modern markets is increasing day by day. It actively attracts
buyers through all the excessive benefits and negative stigmas of traditional
markets. To not be left behind by consumers and be able to compete in the
modern market, the quality of service and management of traditional markets
needs to be improved (Brata, 2016).
Traditional
markets with a barter system (exchange of goods for goods) have been known for centuries
since humans have not known money; until now, it is still maintained in some
places. Even barter can survive as a means of trade and business financing in
economic crises, both domestic and international (Ozgul, 2017).
Wulandoni
traditional market is located in Wulandoni village, one of the southern coastal
villages of Lembata Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. The
Wulandoni market still maintains the barter transaction model in its
transactions. The unique thing is that this market is still going on until now
because there are customary reasons. It is an ancestral heritage, as a culture.
The progress and decline of the barter market are always associated with an
ancestral heritage that must be carried out. If not implemented, it can bring
disaster to the local community (Hamado, Umar, & Maru, 2019). The relationship between Kotekelema
(Superweel whales) and barter is entirely in the "shadow" of adat
(tradition) (Blikololong, 2010). Kotekelema
preserves du-hope (buying and selling/ bartering) because it is the main
commodity in bartering. The important question is: how long will the bartering
traditional market activity in Wulandoni still survive in the face of rapid
progress in the modern market and digital market as it is today? What are the
factors that make this barter market activity persist?
In fact,
according to observations in the field, there is a downward trend in terms of
quantitative, qualitative, and execution time in the Wulandoni barter market.
The quantitative aspect is seen in the lack of presence of traders in the
barter market, especially young people. The qualitative aspect is seen in the
decreasing variety of goods being exchanged and the increasing number of traders
using a dual system (barter and money). Meanwhile, the implementation time also
decreases from the actual schedule set by the Wulandoni barter market operator.
The
cultural factors referred to in this study are the entire system, ideas,
actions, and results of human work in community life, which are made into human
beings utilizing learning (Koentjaraningrat, 2003). Culture is a habit that can affect a
person's personality. The culture inherent in a person's character will be able
to affect his personality. Personal factors are a person's character that is
different from others in response to events in the immediate environment in
making choices, then expressed in action. Based on this description, it can be
assumed that cultural factors influence financial literacy, which is a
determining factor for the sustainability of the Wulandoni barter market.
In Ghana, cultural
values contradict the acquisition of financial knowledge (Agyei, 2018). In addition, the
Protestant belief reinforces that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) will take
advantage of growth opportunities due to financial literacy. SME owners should
consider the main thoughts in designing financial literacy programs. (Suharto, 2016) results show a positive
influence of culture on a person's characteristics. This finding shows that if
there is an increase in obtaining information, positive habits, social
standing, and community knowledge, then personal characteristics, life cycle,
quality of life, and economic situation will also increase. Financial literacy
and cultural values of SME owners are organizational resources that
can improve the performance (growth) of SMEs through sustainable competitive
advantage (Agyei, 2018).
If
individuals have good financial literacy, they will be smarter in managing
personal finances to achieve prosperity (Yushita, 2017). To achieve a good
literacy level (well literate), it is necessary to change behavior so that individuals
have the skills and confidence to use knowledge to identify financial products
and services. Changes in behavior can be achieved through a process that starts
from initial habituation so that it is formed as a financial culture (Makdissi, Nehme, & Chahine, 2020).
In the traditional trading community in the Wulandoni market with a cashless
transaction pattern, the influence of culture on financial literacy is an
important question to understand.
Method
This
research was designed with two approaches, quantitative and qualitative (mixed
method) (Sugiyono, 2014). The quantitative
approach is intended to measure the influence of cultural variables on
financial literacy by using a regression equation model through hypothesis
testing. The variables to be measured are translated into variable indicators.
Then the indicator is used as a starting point for compiling instrument items
in the form of statements or questions. The answer to each instrument item uses
a Likert scale with a gradation from very positive to very negative. The Likert
scale measures the attitudes, opinions, and perceptions of a person or group of
people about social phenomena (Sugiyono, 2014).
Meanwhile,
further investigation was carried out using non-participating observation
techniques and in-depth interviews, and focused discussions on selected
informants such as traders, market managers, traditional leaders, community
leaders, religious leaders, and government. A sampling of the traders using
simple random considering that the population is homogeneous based on the scale
of their business. The population size is dynamic, ranging from 300 to 400
traders. The sample size is determined using judgment, reaching 50 Wulandoni
barter market traders.
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Results And Discussion
A. Wulandoni
Traditional Market Profile
The
Wulandoni barter market is a people's market, weekly market, a traditional
market that is treated as a cultural asset, local assets, and regional assets
that will be developed as targets for cultural tourism objects under the
provisions of the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2017). The
plan to develop the Wulandoni barter market as a cultural tourism object is
made in one package with fishers' traditional whaling tourism object in Lamalera
Village. A whale is the main commodity in barter which is considered sacred
because it is believed to be the incarnation of ancestors. Whaling in Lamalera
is the only one on Lembata Island or together with Lamakera Village in the
Solor Islands. Two villages in East Nusa Tenggara, even in Indonesia and the
world, still apply the tradition of catching whales using traditional tools (Blikololong, 2010). The distance between the Wulandoni market
and Lamalera Village is only � 2 km with smooth transportation. These two
objects have something in common: they have inherited material from generation
to generation, with a unique and distinctive system, belief, tradition, and
culture.
Wulandoni
barter market traders can be divided into two groups, namely: groups of traders
from rural villages based on agriculture such as Boto, Puor A, and
Puor B, Imulolong, Posiwatu, Belabao; then a group of traders from coastal
villages based on fishers such as Lamalera A, Lamalera B, Leworaja, Ataili,
Pantai Harapan and Wulandoni. The coastal villages have a rocky
topography that does not allow them to cultivate gardens for their livelihood.
Coastal villages rely heavily on barter markets for family food needs. Even
though coastal residents do not have cash, they can exchange their marine products
for garden products from inland residents and vice versa.
The
Wulandoni barter market is held every Saturday from 08.00 to 12.00 Central
Indonesia time (WITA). Participants from inland residents who brought
agricultural products waited in place, while residents from the coast would
come to them after the market foreman's whistle sounded. The Wulandoni village
government collects some duties or taxes during the market. They can use money
and can also use the goods they bartered. Usually, when the traders' needs have
been met, they immediately leave the market without command by using passenger
car transportation, motorcycle taxis, or renting cars from their respective
villages.
Traders
from remote villages brought agricultural products such as various fruits,
vegetables, corn, rice, bananas, tubers, betel, areca nut, tobacco, and coconut
oil. Meanwhile, traders from coastal villages exchange specific seafood products
such as wet fish, salted fish, dried fish, salt, and seaweed. The exchange
process between traders does not use a standard unit of account. However, it
uses a local unit of account called "monga ."One monga is worth half
a dozen (1 = 6), or two mongas are worth a dozen (2 = 12). For example, one
medium-sized fish can be exchanged for 6 corn stalks or 6 ripe bananas. One
piece of whale valued at 2 monga can be exchanged for 12 corns or 12 bananas.
Based on observations, this monga unit of account is not strictly enforced,
more than a mutual agreement between the owners of the goods to be exchanged (Hamado et al., 2019; Lolon, 2020).
B. Wulandoni
Barter Market as a Cultural Asset
The
history of the start of the Wulandoni barter market is not known. Nowaday,
there are two known versions. The first version, when the ancestors' exodus due
to the tsunami that hit the island of Lepanbatan, an island located between the
islands of Lembata, Alor, and Baranusa islands. The ancestors of the Lamanudak
tribe were stranded around Harapan Beach (the current name is located on the
southern coast of Lembata Island). They were received in Nua Lela Village by
three tribes, namely Lamakraja, Motong Tribe, and Ledun. Some of them are
fishers who later occupied the Lamalera area, which has difficult conditions
with steep rocks. Every time they catch fish, they bring it to be exchanged for
garden produce from inland residents at the Wulandoni market. Thus, all activities
in the barter market must be known to the tribes in Lamalera because they are
the ones who opened the barter market (Costa, 2021).
The
second version, the barter market, started in the 19th century when the Dutch
colonialists tortured/punished people who did not pay taxes/duties by forcing
them to open access roads between villages on Lembata Island. So, there was a
meeting between the inland and the coastal communities. They began to feel the need
for each other, so there was an exchange of provisions between the workers in
the Habe event (meaning meeting). Every worker from the interior brought
agricultural products, and workers from the coast prepared fish to be
exchanged. The emergence of a barter market in the Wulandoni District is an
initiative of two tribes: the Wukak tribe in the Lewuka area in Belobao Village
and the Lamanudak tribe in Lamalera Village. The agreed location was in
Wuldoni, which means the market in Wulandoni, namely Wule (meaning: market) and
Doni (name of the warlord from Lebala village who had power in Wulandoni at
that time). The Lamalera people make Peledang (a boat used to catch whales),
then contact the Lewuka people to hold a ceremonial inauguration of a peledang
called Lerantene. During the Lerantene event, the Lamalera people came with new
traders and fish. In contrast, people from the hinterland brought plantation
produce. In addition to the Lerantena event, the Groi Tena event (Groi means
launching/floating and Tena means boat). The Groi Tena ceremony is held when
Lamalera whaling fishers return from whale hunting. The event of establishing
the Wulandoni barter market through a traditional oath became part of the
celebration and ritual of Groi Tena (Hamado et al., 2019; Lolon, 2020). The Groi
Tena ritual is the forerunner of the barter market in Wulandoni. Until now, it
has always been commemorated by conducting traditional ceremonies between the
Lamalera coastal community and the Lewuka inland community on Saturday (market
day), and every time there is a new whaling boat (peledang) (Hamado et al., 2019).
C. Barter Market
Trader Financial Literacy
Demographic
characteristics and traditional or cultural backgrounds of barter market traders
in Wulandoni Village are thought to influence their financial literacy.
Demographic characteristics of respondents in adult age, female gender, marital
status. The majority are Catholic, primary to secondary education level, small
to medium family dependents, and experience as a moderate traders. The
financial literacy of traders follows the classification based on (Chen & Volpe, 1998), namely understanding of managing
personal or family finances, understanding of savings and loans, insurance, and
investment.
This
study uses 50 respondents with a financial literacy profile as follows:
Table 1
Financial Literacy
Profile of Wulandoni Barter Market Traders
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No.
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Dimension
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Quantity
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%
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1
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2
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3
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4
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1.
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Understanding of
managing personal/family finances
-
High
-
Normal
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Fair
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18
20
12
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36,00
40,00
24,00
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2.
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Understanding of savings
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High
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Normal
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Fair
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10
22
18
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20,00
44,00
36,00
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3.
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Understanding of Loans
-
High
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Normal
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Fair
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12
18
20
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24,00
36,00
40,00
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4.
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Understanding of old-age
insurance/guarantees
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High
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Normal
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Fair
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6
12
32
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12,00
24,00
64,00
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5.
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Understanding of long-term investment
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High
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Normal
-
Fair
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4
12
34
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8,00
24,00
68,00
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Average :
-
High
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Normal
-
Fair
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20,00
33,60
46,40
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Source: Primary data
processing, 2021
With secondary/basic
education level and adult age, traders' ability to manage family finances is
moderate to well-off. The medium category means that small and simple families
do not have life needs that are too complicated and complex. The head of the
family (husband) works as a seasonal farmer, so the needs of family life can be
met with assets owned from the garden (inland traders) and marine products
(coastal traders). Food needs that cannot be met will be obtained through an exchange
process in the barter market. The needs of traders who are not available or not
obtained in the barter market will be met by selling long-term plantation crops
such as candlenut, cashew, and coconut (inland) and the sale of marine products
(coastal). Some respondents cannot manage family finances because they do not
have fixed assets from plantations or become plantation farm laborers. The sea
weather is not conducive, or catches are lacking.
The trader's
understanding of the majority of savings is moderate. Apart from the lack of
financial institutions around them, this is also due to the very low level of
trust in financial institutions. Some still keep their money at home or in a
cooperative in the district capital. The understanding of traders on the
majority of loans is low. This is due to the lack of financial institutions in
the area. Traders consider the business of borrowing money from a bank or
cooperative to be very troublesome. Some traders borrow money from moneylenders
who come to their homes with daily installment payments. A common understanding
of old-age insurance/guarantees. Most of them never think about it because they
think their children and grandchildren will get used to the conditions of
deficiency experienced by their parents. Understanding of long-term investment
is low. If what is meant is an investment in money or valuables, they generally
do not own the item. Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that
the financial literacy of the Wulandoni barter market traders is in a low
category.
D. The Influence of
Culture on Financial Literacy
Previously,
the instrument was tested using validity and reliability tests on a
questionnaire that would be circulated to the respondents of the Wulandoni
barter market traders. The independent variable (X) is culture with 6 statement
items, and the dependent variable (Y) is financial literacy with 6 statement
items. The test of the validity of the Culture variable produces a correlation
coefficient (r arithmetic) greater than r table (0.2732), then
it is said to be valid. Likewise, all financial literacy variables are valid
statement items, so they are feasible to be used in this study. The reliability
test with Cronbach's Alpha obtained results on the cultural variable of 0.284
and the financial literacy variable of 0.811, greater than rtable 0.2732. So
the two variables are reliable and feasible to be used for the next testing
step. Likewise, in the classical assumption test, the data is normal. There is
no multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity, so it is feasible for further
testing.
1.1.
This study uses a
single regression method to test the hypothesis of the relationship of culture
to financial literacy with the following coefficient values:
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Table 2
Coefficients
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Model
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Unstandardized
Coefficients
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Standardized
Coefficients
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t
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Sig.
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B
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Std.
Error
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Beta
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1
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(Constant)
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-23.571
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6.879
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-3.426
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.001
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Culture
(X)
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1.801
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.271
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.692
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6.646
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.000
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a. Dependent Variable:
Financial Literacy (Y)
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�����������
Based on the table above, the following
regression equation is obtained:
Financial literacy = -23.571 + 1.801X
Based on this
equation, if culture equals zero, financial literacy is -23.571. Meanwhile, if
culture increases by one unit, financial literacy will increase by 1.801.
Based on the table
above, it is known that the significant value (p-value) of the cultural
variable is 0.000. This value is smaller than the research significance level
set at 0.05. So the decision is H0 rejected, so H1 is accepted, meaning that
culture significantly influences financial literacy.
Tabel 3
Model Summary
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Model
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R
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R
Square
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Adjusted
R Square
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Std.
Error of the Estimate
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1
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.692a
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.479
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.468
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2.25935
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a.
Predictors: (Constant), Culture (X)
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The output results in
the table above show that the coefficient of determination is 0.479. These
results indicate that the influence of culture on financial literacy is 47.9%.
The remaining 52.1% is influenced by other factors not examined. Based on this
quantitative analysis, it is clear that culture has a significant effect on the
financial literacy of the Wulandoni barter market traders.
Discussion
Geographical and
topographical conditions strongly influence the Wulandoni barter market. The
Wulandoni area is located on the southern coast of the island of Lembata,
overlooking the Sawu Sea. It is lined with high and steep hills. People are
classified only into coastal communities and mountainous or inland communities.
Many coastal communities make a living as fishermen, while many mountain
communities make a living as seasonal plantation farmers. These differences create
an interdependence of needs that makes a habit of bartering between marine
products and garden products difficult to eliminate.
All related parties
(stakeholders) wish to maintain the existence of the Wulandoni barter market
because it is believed to be an alternative to meet the community's economic
needs other than for traditional or cultural reasons. Efforts to maintain the
Wulandoni barter market because it is �a traditional or cultural heritage as
one of local wisdom is not enough because Wulandoni barter market traders have
low financial literacy and financial management behavior. Cultural aspects must
be combined with financial literacy and good financial management behavior.
Both of these things must be a concern to improve the status as a cultural tourism
area and improve the welfare of barter market traders in particular and society
in general.
Based on the
hypothesis test results, it turns out that the cultural variable has a positive
and significant effect on financial literacy. This means that every cultural
intervention has a significant impact on financial literacy. Culture does not
harm financial literacy for Wulandoni barter market traders. This result also
means that traders' financial literacy can be improved by increasing the role
of culture (Hamado et al., 2019). Financial
literacy can be improved through the role of community leaders, traditional
leaders, religious leaders, and government figures in their respective fields of
duty.
This research supports
(Agyei, 2018) research in his research in Ghana that Protestant beliefs
strengthen the possibility that SMEs will take advantage of growth
opportunities due to financial literacy. The relationship between financial
literacy and SME growth depends on the cultural context. The study recommends
that (1) religious bodies should embed financial education in their teachings;
(2) financial literacy training programs for SME-Owners must be tailored to
their needs; and (3) The cultural beliefs of SME owners should be the main
consideration in designing financial literacy programs. This program aligns
with the government's program to develop people's markets (Perdagangan, 2015).
Cultural literacy is
also needed, especially for young people, in maintaining cultural heritage to
increase understanding of financial literacy in a cultural context. The
participation of young people in bartering activities is still very low
compared to the global cultural exposure through social media today. However,
the optimism remains as expressed by the youth leaders on the occasion of the
focused discussion. For this reason, the role of traditional leaders, religious
leaders, and community leaders is needed to pay attention to increasing
cultural literacy and financial literacy. The role of culture is also needed to
improve economic performance (Pratikto, 2012) and (Guiso et al., 2016).
Hirsch, a literacy
figure, explained that the meaning of cultural literacy is the ability to
understand and participate in one's own culture. A well-literate about culture
can display certain gestures, symbols, or verbal expressions that express
language, dialect, stories, or entertainment. On the other hand, culturally
non-literate people do not understand culturally conditioned satire, conversation,
or events (Hirsch Jr, Kett, & Trefil, 1988).
In its existence as a
cultural heritage of local ancestors, the barter market means that the meaning
of cultural literacy is limited by expression and language and can be broadly
described through behavior, food, clothing, art, and ceremonies. These are expressions
of values, traditions, mindsets, beliefs, perceptions, and statuses. Thus,
literacy is closely tied to a regional basis with a unique culture.
Conclusion
The results
showed that the Wulandoni barter market activity decreased from time to time in
terms of quantitative, qualitative, and implementation time. Market
participants who use barter and money systems are increasing. The factor that
makes the barter market survive is the reason for the cultural traditions
passed down from generation to generation. The traders believe that this
tradition should not be violated because it will wreak havoc on them.
Efforts to
maintain the Wulandoni barter market as a traditional or cultural heritage are
not enough. Wulandoni barter market traders have low financial literacy and
financial management behavior in terms of general financial knowledge and
understanding of savings, loans, insurance, and investment. Cultural aspects
must be combined with financial literacy and good financial management
behavior. These two things must be a concern to improve the welfare of barter
market traders and society in general.
Based on
the hypothesis test results, it turns out that the cultural variable has a
positive and significant effect on financial literacy. This means that every
cultural intervention has a significant impact on financial literacy. Culture
does not harm financial literacy for Wulandoni barter market traders. For this
reason, it is necessary to improve the financial literacy and cultural literacy
of traders and the community, especially young people who will inherit the
culture of the Wulandoni barter market.
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CULTURAL EFFECT
ON FINANCIAL
LITERACY (LEARN FROM
WULANDONI BARTER MARKET TRADER IN LEMBATA REGENCY)