Ni Luh Putu Sariani1, I Gede Aryana
Mahayasa2, A.A. Istri Agung Maheswari3, I Made Purba
Astakoni4, Ni Made Satya Utami5
Universitas Pendidikan Nasional, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia1,3
Universitas Hindu Indonesia Denpasar, Bali,
Indonesia2
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Manajemen Indonesia Handayani
Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia4
Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia5
Email:
[email protected],
[email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], �[email protected]
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ARTICLE INFO |
ABSTRACT |
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Received
: 19 May 2022 Revision : 21 May 2022 Received : 22 May 2022 |
This study was
conducted to examine the influence of workplace spirituality on job satisfaction;
workplace spirituality on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB);
workplace spirituality on organizational commitment; job satisfaction on
organizational citizenship behavior; organizational commitment on
organizational citizenship behavior; and gender role as a moderating variable on
the influence of job satisfaction, workplace spirituality, organizational
commitment on OCB. The survey was performed in all public notary
offices in Bangli Regency, with 76 permanent staff serving as respondents.
The Partial Least Square (SEM PLS) strategy was utilized to analyze the data.
Before the model is pronounced excellent, the results of the entire model
assessment are based on the value of Q-Square Predictive Relevance (Q2),
R-Square (R2) and Goodness of Fit (GoF). The test findings show that
workplace spirituality (WPS) has a substantial beneficial impact on job
satisfaction, indicating that the hypothesis is correct. The hypothesis is
accepted because the test findings show that workplace spirituality (WPS) positively
influences organizational citizenship behavior. The test findings show that
workplace spirituality (WPS) has a substantial favorable influence on
organizational commitment, indicating that the hypothesis is correct. The
hypothesis is rejected because the test findings show that job satisfaction
(JS) has no influence on OCB. The hypothesis is accepted because the test
findings show that employee organizational commitment has a strong beneficial
influence on organizational citizenship behavior. As a consequence of the
hypothesis testing on gender as a moderator, it can be concluded that gender
is not a moderator in the accepted model. |
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Keywords: Workplace spirituality; job satisfaction; organizational commitment;
OCB; Gender |
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Introduction
There is no
doubt that the quality of human resources is a vital asset for any organization,
since competent human resources will help an organization's performance and
success (Sholikhah & Frianto, 2022).
According to (Pradnyana, Astakoni, & Utami, 2020), if the company's
human resources are of good quality, it will be able to sustain and grow its position
in the industrial world. Human resources must cultivate extra-role behavior in
addition to the official responsibilities provided by the organization to its
personnel in order to support the company's competitiveness. Considering that
additional activity has the potential to benefit the organization (Larasati & Susilowati, 2021).
In a company climate marked by fierce competition, workers must demonstrate a
strong commitment to develop additional excellent conduct (Charoensukmongkol, Daniel, & Chatelain-Jardon, 2015).
Employee commitment is a key characteristic that may greatly assist firms in
competing successfully and achieving better market performance (Meyer & Allen, 1984).
Extra-role conduct, also known as organizational citizenship behavior, is a
notion that has been widely researched among the different reasons that
encourage workers to contribute to the business. Several studies have shown
that organizational citizenship conduct is linked to a variety of
organizational outcomes (Ozer, 2011).
Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, work participation, motivation,
and leadership support, according to (Yulianto, 2021),
are all characteristics that might impact OCB. Various research findings have
raised the relationship between work attitudes, including job satisfaction,
commitment, and work involvement, and organizational citizenship behavior (Utami, Sapta, Verawati, & Astakoni, 2021),
but studies on the influence of spirituality in the workplace on organizational
citizenship behavior have largely been ignored. The importance of spirituality in
the workplace has been extensively recognized (Ashmos & Duchon, 2000).
Having spirituality, especially when working, may be helpful to both people and
companies (Kolodinsky, Robert W., Robert A. Giacalone, 2008; Sukumarakurup & Christopher,
2002). Over the past
decade, more and more people are fond of practicing spirituality when they are
working (Kolodinsky, Robert W., Robert A. Giacalone, 2008). Workplace spirituality
is defined as an employee's work experience. Employees enjoy excellent work
experiences when they can express their desire to care for and be sensitive to
others, be prudent in accomplishing important jobs, and allow for a sense of fullness
and pleasure in the workplace. Positive working experiences will motivate
individuals to work joyfully and even go above and beyond their job
responsibilities (Kazemipour & Mohd Amin, 2012).
Work, organization, and work environment are rapidly becoming the focus of
attention in one's life, according to (De Klerk, Boshoff, & Van Wyk, 2006).
People will devote more time to their jobs or formal work-related activities
than to their personal lives. As a result, people strive to meet their spiritual
demands at work (Garg, Punia, & Jain, 2019). (Sukumarakurup & Christopher, 2002),
stated that when employees of a certain company experience lack of motivation
and satisfaction, then spirituality might be the good choice to help employees
to face the aforementioned problems. This is in line with (Milliman, Czaplewski, & Ferguson, 2003)
and (Pawar, 2009),
who also argued that spirituality when used while working and job satisfaction
have a positive association. Other studies (Kolodinsky, Robert W., Robert A. Giacalone, 2008)
discovered a link between workplace spirituality and job satisfaction (Usman & Danish, 2010). (Garg et al., 2019)
argued that one of the important indicators of OCB is when employees practice
their spirituality in their respective workplace. As previously stated, workplace
spirituality has hurdles in addressing current organizational concerns, both
philosophically and experimentally. By integrating workplace spirituality as an
integral part of employee work attitudes and attempting to integrate gender
demographic characteristics as moderators, this study intends to fill in the
gaps of previous research. Recent demographic elements are regarded to be one
of the aspects that define a person's conduct at work, among the several work
attitude factors that have been identified that might promote employee extra
work behavior (Widyari, 2021).
Individual qualities that are characterized as masculine or feminine in
psychology, or what is often known as gender, impact organizational citizenship
behavior. Gender disparities will influence every choice a person makes, including
whether or not to undertake additional labor in the business (Prasetyo, Adi, & Damayanti, 2020).
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of work spirituality on job
satisfaction, the effect of work spirituality on organizational citizenship
behavior, the effect of work spirituality on organizational commitment, the
effect of job satisfaction on organizational citizenship behavior, and the
effect of commitment organization on organizational citizenship behavior, based
on theoretical exposure and previous research.
Employees'
desire to commit themselves to the business outside of their professional jobs
is shown in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) (Moorman & Harland, 2002).
Social exchanges are launched based on the level of trust and goodwill that two
parties have for one another, as opposed to commercial exchanges, which are
constrained by concrete and short-term gains (Kacmar, Bachrach, Harris, & Noble, 2012).
Employee conduct that promotes efficient and successful organizational
functioning is known as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and it is
not directly or openly influenced by the official organizational incentive
system (Organ & Ryan, 1995).
Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) has five aspects, according to (Garg et al., 2019):
(1) altruism, which is conduct that assists in the alleviation of labor aimed
at people in an organization, (2) civility, which is assisting colleagues in
preventing difficulties. with their employees by offering counsel and information.
and respecting their requirements, (3) sportsmanship, for instance, one should
now badmouth one�s partner just because of a not-so-perfect results, (4) civic
understanding, for instance, an employee should be aware that whatever she/he
is doing, it needs to be in accordance with the rules established by the
company, and (5) conscientiousness, work discipline, and efficient use of time.
Workplace
spirituality refers to the expression and experience of spirituality in the
workplace, which is fostered by a variety of organizational factors (Sapta, Rustiarini, Kusuma, & Astakoni, 2021).
Thus, these factors, culture, leadership, etc, play an important role to create
the optimal working environment. Workplace spirituality, according to (Supriyanto, Soetjipto, & Maharani, 2016),
is how one employee is connected to the other employees. From this connection
and interaction one will start to feel that he/she is part of the group
(company). Workplace spirituality is divided into three aspects by (Ashmos & Duchon, 2000):
Inner Life, Meaningful Work, and Community. Although individuals sometimes
exhibit their religious views at work, it might be claimed that workplace
spirituality is not about religion. Workplace spirituality provides a chance to
showcase many sides of one's personality. Swadharma, lokasangraha, genuineness,
feeling of community, karmic capital, and kritagyata were used to quantify
workplace spirituality in this research (Garg, 2020).
Employees
often associate happiness with internal variables such as accomplishment and
advancement, according to Herzberg's two-factor theory. Employees, on the other
hand, will blame work discontent on external variables such as income, peer
support, and supervisors (Gunastri, Handayani, & Astakoni, 2019). Employee job
satisfaction is defined as a favorable attitude toward work, work environment,
coworkers, and the greater corporate context. Job satisfaction encompasses a
wide range of factors, including compensation, job duties, coworkers, and
corporate regulations and procedures. Work satisfaction, on the other hand, is
a tightly defined notion that only comprises a constructive and positive
psychological appraisal of the job profile (Garg et al., 2019).
In a nutshell, job satisfaction is a work attitude that is heavily influenced
by an employee's work experience. The physical work environment, peer connections,
leadership style, and the degree of decentralization and delegation of
authority all influence this experience.
Scholars and
practitioners have paid close attention to organizational commitment. One�s
commitment to any organization� describes
an employee's engagement with the company and minimizes the chance of workers
leaving the company. Of course, this certainly has some connection with the
psychology of the employee in question (Rego & e Cunha, 2008).
The impact of organizational commitment on various attitudes and behaviors of
organizational relevance, such as intention to leave, turnover, timeliness, organizational
citizenship behavior, attitudes toward change, and organizational performance (Allen & Meyer, 1990),
may explain the widespread interest (Meyer & Stanley, 2001).
Affective (personal attachment to the company), continuation (the consequence
of staying at the same company), and normative (the consequence of leaving the
company) are the three components of organizational commitment (feeling of
obligation to the organization). Each of these elements contributes to increasing
the possibility that workers will stay with the company, but each mentality is
distinct from the others. Employees that have strong affective ties desire to
remain. Those with consistency stay because they feel obligated to. Employees
that are normally devoted will stay because they feel obligated to. The model,
on the other hand, mandates that the three components are separate. As a
result, the measures created for each of the three seem to be somewhat unrelated
to the other two. Another feature of this model is that each component develops
individually, depending on distinct antecedents and processes (Meyer & Allen, 1991).
One of the
aspects thought to influence a person's conduct is their demographics. People'
natural features, which are classed as masculine or feminine or more often
known as gender, will impact individuals in making different choices, including
doing additional labor, according to psychology (Prasetyo et al., 2020).
Gender, according to (Febrian & Islami, 2020),
is a social category that includes men and women's behavior and traits, how we
consider ourselves, and how others regard us. Gender is a notion that considers
men and women to have different responses to the same situation. This idea
encompasses not just biological differences, but also social, cultural, and
behavioral differences (Widyari, 2021).
Gender is a biological differentiator that relates to role orientation and features.
It affects both identities and social categories. In this research, gender was determined
using a nominal scale, with 1 representing male and 2 representing females (Hanifah, 2011).
Work, structure,
and the work environment are rapidly becoming the focus of attention in one's
life, according to (De Klerk et al., 2006).
People nowadays devote more time to work or formal job-related activities than
to personal affairs. As a result, workers anticipate being able to meet their
spiritual demands at work (Garg et al., 2019).
Workplace spirituality's institutionalization enables meaningful and purposeful
labor, as well as social connection, and hence spiritual satisfaction (Van der Walt & De Klerk, 2014).
In the sense that workplace spirituality is increasingly being hailed as a
promoter of job satisfaction, workers whose spiritual needs are met have a
better degree of fulfillment spiritually.
Workers'
motivation and job satisfaction improve as a result of workplace spirituality (Pawar, 2009; Sukumarakurup & Christopher, 2002). (Milliman et al., 2003)
found a positive correlation between two variables: workplace spirituality and
job satisfaction. (Kolodinsky, Robert W., Robert A. Giacalone, 2008)
and (Usman & Danish, 2010)
are two more researchers that have validated the favorable link (Chawla & Guda, 2013).
The spiritual component of the workplace is critical in meeting workers'
internal needs and in fostering a good reaction from employees. As a result,
spirituality in the workplace has a substantial impact on job satisfaction. An
empirical research by (Krahnke, Giacalone, & Jurkiewicz, 2003)
found that work spirituality had an impact on peer attitudes, including job
satisfaction. Thus, the first hypothesis can be made that spirituality at work
has an influence on job satisfaction.
Workplace
spirituality, when combined with a feeling of community, may be a powerful
motivator for workers to engage in organizational citizenship (Charoensukmongkol et al., 2015).
As is generally known, a feeling of community refers to a workplace in which
employees feel a close bond with their coworkers (Ashmos & Duchon, 2000).
Employees who have a strong feeling of belonging certainly will be more willing
to help and work with their counterparts (Schwartz & Bilsky, 1990).
As a result, individuals' prosocial conduct at work might drive them to
contribute wisely in aiding coworkers and organizations outside of their
official obligations (Li, Liang, & Crant, 2010).
Employees who have had great work experiences are more likely to work
pleasantly and to go above and beyond their job responsibilities (Kazemipour & Mohd Amin, 2012). Three components
of spirituality in the workplace were also discovered by (Charoensukmongkol et al., 2015).
Work is linked to organizational citizenship behavior in a substantial way. The
suggested hypothesis (H2) is as follows: workplace spirituality has a considerable
beneficial influence on organizational citizenship behavior, as explained
above.
Organizational
commitment is a psychological condition that describes an employee's engagement
with the company and minimizes the chance of the employee leaving (Meyer & Stanley, 2001).
Both scholars and practitioners have given this subject a lot of thought. The
impact of organizational commitment on various attitudes and behaviors of
organizational relevance, such as intention to leave, turnover, timeliness,
organizational citizenship behavior, attitudes toward change, and organizational
performance (Allen & Meyer, 1990), (Meyer & Stanley, 2001), may explain this
broad interest. Another feature of this concept is that each component of this
commitment develops individually, with various antecedents and processes (Allen & Meyer, 2000; Meyer & Allen, 1991)
Workplace spirituality is one of the antecedent characteristics that is often
linked to organizational commitment (Rego & e Cunha, 2008).
According to (Fry, Vitucci, & Cedillo, 2005),
the stronger the spirituality in the job, the higher the normative and
emotional commitment, and the lower the continuation commitment. This viewpoint
is supported by both theoretical and empirical data. For example, positive
actions (such as compassion toward colleagues) might lead to more favorable
employee attitudes about work and the business. As a result, there may be more
emotional and normative commitment to the organization (Milliman et al., 2003).
Workers' self-esteem, hope, health, happiness, and personal progress are all
boosted by humanistic employment and the ability to conduct meaningful work. As
a consequence, workers devote their whole selves to the organization (physical,
mental, emotional, and spiritual), seeing employment as a mission rather than
merely "job," making them more effectively and normatively linked to
the business and more dedicated (Rego & e Cunha, 2008). Several study
results, such as (Pawar, 2009),
show that individual spirituality has a direct impact on work happiness, job participation,
and organizational commitment. Now the question is, is there any connection
between spirituality and the quality of human resources, the answer is
certainly yes. (Sapta et al., 2021)
argued that the more spiritual an employee is, the more committed she/he would
be to a company. Thus, the hypothesis (H3) is accepted based on this
description: workplace spirituality has a considerable beneficial influence on
one�s commitment to an organization.
In light of
the ever-changing environment and great service efforts, an organization's
needs to acquire, develop, and sustain quality resources are becoming more
demanding (Sudarmo, Imay, & Wibowo, 2018). As a result, an
organization should aspire to promote the efficiency and effectiveness of
organizational functions or the behavior of someone who works more than the job
description (Gunastri et al., 2019). Job satisfaction,
organizational commitment, work participation, motivation, and leadership support,
according to (Yulianto, 2021),
are all characteristics that might impact OCB. OCB is a voluntary behavior that
is unrelated to a compensation system and has the potential to improve a
company's or organization's performance (Astakoni et al. 2019).
If an individual is both physically and intellectually fulfilled at work, OCB may
develop (Yulianto, 2021).
Many studies have been undertaken on the link between work happiness and OCB,
including one by (Purwanto, Purba, Bernarto, & Sijabat, 2021),
which found that job satisfaction is positively related to organizational
citizenship behavior. The results of (Khazamah, Herawati, & Septyarini, 2021)
show that workers with high job satisfaction may enhance OCB, which is
excellent for improving the institution's performance. There is no doubt that
employee�s satisfaction is the key factor to have sustainable success for any
organization. The following hypothesis (H4) is provided based on the
explanation of the current theory: Employee work satisfaction has a
considerable beneficial influence on organizational citizenship behavior.
Organizational
citizenship behavior (OCB) may be triggered by a variety of internal causes, such
as work satisfaction and employee dedication (Utami et al., 2021). (Nurjanah, Pebianti, & Handaru, 2020)
argued that there are numerous factors that influence OCB, some of the most
prominent ones are personality, attitudes in the workplace and satisfaction
with the job at hand.. Employees will produce maximum and greatest performance
outcomes if they are happy with the company. Furthermore, highly devoted
personnel will go to any length to grow the firm because they believe in their
job (Qing, Asif, Hussain, & Jameel, 2020).
When workers have a strong commitment to the business, they are completely
satisfied with their job and eager to take steps to advance the firm. One�s
commitment in a company has a considerable influence on Organizational
Citizenship Behavior (OCB); this is especially true when research was conducted
to explore �the effect of organizational
commitment on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) (Purwanto et al., 2021).
Another study� by (Nurjanah et al., 2020)
on the same subject also seconds this finding. According to (Sahertian, 2010)
and (Oemar, 2013),
organizational commitment is the most important factor impacting OCB. This is
obvious because it will take commitment for one to stay in the same company for
a long period of time. Organizational commitment, as part of attitudes, has an
impact on a variety of critical behaviors that are required for the company to
run well. OCB and strong employee performance are linked to a low alpha level
and high organizational commitment. The following hypothesis (H5) is made based
on the aforementioned explanation: Organizational citizenship behavior is
significantly influenced by organizational commitment.
Gender is a
sociological term that describes male and female traits (Febrian & Islami, 2020).
Gender has an impact on the performance of organizational citizenship behavior (Beauregard, 2012).
Gender is primarily concerned with role orientation and qualities, not only
biological distinctions, but also social identities and classifications. Women,
who are more competitive and confident, are more responsive to justice and
honest. As a result, gender might be linked to a person's degree of conduct.
According to (Khalid et al., 2009)
findings, gender influenced the association between helpful conduct and
intention to migrate, with women having a greater relationship than males. These
findings highlight the necessity of incorporating behavioral aspects when
predicting and managing personnel. According to the findings (Korkmaz
& Meng 2018), gender has a moderating impact on workplace
spirituality and organizational commitment. This research suggests the
following hypothesis based on the premise and prior results that gender
influences employee behavior in an organization:
In
connection with hypothesis 6 (H6), gender will attenuate the association
between workplace spirituality and organizational citizenship behavior.
In
connection with hypothesis 7 (H7), gender will influence the association
between work satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior.
In
connection with hypothesis 8 (H8), gender will influence the association between
organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior,
The research
methodology chosen is based on the idea review and numerous prior findings:
Figure 1. Research Concept Framework
Method
A. Research
Design
This study employed a causal research design, which
explains the causal link between research variables. Because the nature of the
variables/constructs in this research is unobserved (latent variables), the
pattern of the connection between latent variables in this study is a
consequence of the link between exogenous variables and endogenous variables.
B. Place &
Object of Research
The study was done at all public notary offices in the
Bangli area, with the research subjects being all workers of the 17 current
public notary offices, totaling 76 respondents. Organizational citizenship
behavior (OCB), workplace spirituality (WPS), job satisfaction (JS),
organizational commitment (OC), and gender (Gen) were the factors in this
research.
C. Sample size
and population
The universe of study is defined as a collection of
all items in the form of events, objects, or people that have comparable
qualities and are the focus of researchers' attention (Augusty, 2014).
The participants in this research were all workers of the Bangli Regency public
notary office, and the sample was drawn from the full population (saturated
sample) of 76 people.
D. Techniques
for Data Collection
The researchers employed a survey using a closed
questionnaire instrument to gather data for this investigation. Data is
collected through a questionnaire, and the information acquired is qualitative.
The sentiments were measured using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly
disagree to strongly agree. On the left are highly negative numbers, while on
the right are very positive ones. In this investigation, the scale range was 1
to 5.
E. Variable
indicators and operational definition
Exogenous factors, endogenous variables, and
moderating variables are used in this research. The dependent variable
(endogenous variable) is the one that researchers are most concerned with. Organizational
citizenship behavior (OCB), job satisfaction (JS), and organizational
commitment are the endogenous factors in this research (OC). Workplace
spirituality is one of the exogenous factors (WPS). Gender is quantified on a
nominal scale as a moderating variable. Table 1 shows the definitions of the variables,
indicators, and scales used
Table 1
Definition
of variables, indicators and measurement scale
|
Construct
(Variable) |
Operational
Definition |
Dimensions and
number of indicators |
Scale |
|
Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) |
Organizational citizenship
behavior is defined as activity outside of the formal incentive system that
is not expressly encouraged. |
dimensions and indicators
referring to Garg, Punia, & Jain (2019) consist of 5
items; courtesy (ocb1), altruism (ocb2), conscientiousness (ocb3), civil
virtue (ocb4) and sportsmanship (ocb5) |
Likert 1 - 5 |
|
Workplace Spirituality (WPS) |
Workplace spirituality is a
recognition that workers have an inner existence that is nourished and
nourished by job purpose in the framework of society. |
Workplace spirituality takes the Garg
(2020) model, consisting of 6 indicators, namely swadharma (wps1),
lokasangraha (wps2), authenticity (wps3), sense of community (wps4), karmic
capital (wps5), kritagyata (wps6) |
Likert 1 - 5 |
|
Job satisfaction (JS) |
Job satisfaction is a measure of a
person's assessment of working conditions and their relationship to the
fulfillment of one's expectations, needs and desires. |
Job satisfaction takes indicators
from Supriyanto et al (2016), namely 5 items; The work itself
(js1), Payment system (js2), Promotion (js3), Supervisor's attitude (js4),
Attitude of coworkers (js5), |
Likert 1 - 5 |
|
Organizational Commitment (OC) |
Employee loyalty to the organization is shown in
organizational commitment, which expresses care for the organization's future
success and advancement. |
Measurement of organizational commitment refers to (Astakoni, 2017) which consists of 15 statement
items; effective (oc1); normative (oc2) ; continuum (oc3) |
Likert 1 - 5 |
|
Gender (GEN) |
Gender is a concept that views
that men and women have different responses to the same problem. |
Gender is measured using a nominal scale, i.e. number 1 represents
male and number 2 represents female (Hanifah, 2011). |
Nominal scale |
�
F. Techniques
for Data Analysis
The characteristics of respondents and the
features of respondents' responses to the concept study's indicators are described
using descriptive analysis. The SPSS version 22 application was used to process
the data in this investigation. The measurement model (outer model) will be
evaluated using inferential statistical analysis, while the structural model
will be evaluated using a variety of methods, including model testing with a)
R-Square (R2), b) Q-Square Predictive Relevance (Q2), and
c) Goodness of Fit (GoF) and structural model evaluation using the
bootstrapping method (Vinzi, Chin, Henseler, & Wang, 2010).
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
1. Respondents�
characteristics
The purpose
of exposing the characteristics of respondents is to provide an overview of
what they want to know about the condition of the respondent who is the sample
in the study. Gender, last education, age (years), and term of employment are
among the characteristics of respondents (years). Table 2 shows the
characteristics of responders.
Table 2
Characteristics of Respondents
|
Information |
Number of Respondents |
Percentage |
|
|
Gender: Male Female Total: |
21 55 76 |
27.60 % 72.40% |
|
|
Age of respondent: < 30 years 30 � 40 years 41 � 50 years >50 years Total: |
44 19 8 5 76 |
57.90 % 25.00 % 10.50 % 6.60 % 100.00 % |
|
|
Education High School Diploma Undergraduate Total: |
12 27 37 76 |
15.80 % 35.50 % 48.70 % 100.00 % |
|
|
Length of employment: < 5 years 5 � 10 years 11 � 15 years '> 15 years Total: |
5 41 16 14 76 |
6.60 % % % 18.40 % 100.00 % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Based on
Table 2, the respondent's characteristics are reported as follows: Gender is a
reflection of how involved respondents are in the research. Table 1 reveals
that there were 21 male respondents(27.60\%) and 55 female respondents
(72.40%). According to the statistics, female respondents make up the majority
of public notary office personnel. The degree of education of public notary office
staff is considered as a measure of their intellectual ability. Table 1 reveals
that 12 individuals (15.80%) have high school education, 27 individuals
(35.50%) have a diploma, and 37 individuals have a bachelor's degree (48.70%).
According to the statistics, undergraduate level of education dominates the
number of respondents. The age distribution of the respondents is determined by
their age. Table 1 reveals that 44 individuals (57.90%) are under the age of
30, 19 individuals (25.00%) are 30-40 years old, 8 individuals (10.50%) are
41-50 years old, and 5 individuals are beyond 50 years old (6.60 %). According
to the research, public notary personnel are mostly youthful and industrious
people under the age of 30. The duration of service is used to determine how
long an employee has been employed by the public notary. Table 1 reveals that 5
individuals have worked for 5 years (6.60%), 41 individuals have worked for
5-10 years (53.9%), and 16 individuals have worked for 11-15 years (21.10%).
Over the course of 15 years, 14 employees were employed (18.40 %). Thus, 53.90%
of public notary office personnel have worked for a long period (5-10 years).
2. Test of
Inference
SEM-PLS is
used in this study to assess the outer and inner models and analyze research
data. The researcher initially performed a measurement test (outer model) to
check whether the assessment of the measurement model employing reflecting
indicators was convergent, as shown by the loading factor for each variable
indicator and the average variance retrieved (AVE). It can be shown from outler
loading of 0.868 (above > 0.70) and a minimum AVE value of 0.814 (or AVE
> 0.50) based on the conditions of convergent validity with reflecting
indicators. The external loading of all indicators of the variable the latent
value is above 0.70, and the average variance extracted (AVE) (Table 4) is
above 0.5, indicating that the convergent validity as an indicator for measuring
the latent construct has been fulfilled.
Table 3
Outer Loading
|
Indicators |
�Job Satisfaction, (JS) |
Organizational
Commitment, (OC) |
Organizational
Citizenship Behavior, (OCB) |
Workplace Spirituality, |
|
js1 js2 js3 js4 js5 |
0.930 0.954 0.960 0.942 0.917 |
|
|
|
|
oc1 oc2 oc3 |
|
0.962 0.951b 0.960b |
|
|
|
WPS ocb5 |
|
|
0,868
0,912 0,927 0,901 wps4 |
|
|
wps5 wps6 0,935 |
|
|
|
0,971 0,958 Table |
Table
4
Average
Variance Extracted (Ave)
|
Construction |
AVE |
|
Job satisfaction, (JS) Organizational Commitment, (OC) Organizational Citizenship
Behavior, (OCB) Workplace Spirituality. (WPS) |
0.885 0.918 0.814 0.912 |
The composite reliability may be considered as a gauge of
the amount of dependability, and Cronbach's alpha is larger than 0.70. Table 5
shows that the composite reliability of all constructions has a minimum value
of 0.870 (> 0.70), indicating that it is trustworthy according to the
composite reliability criterion and Cronbach alpha value. The outcome is higher
than 0.70. The Average Volatility Extracted (AVE) number, on the other hand, is
larger than 0.50, indicating that 50% or more of the variance of the indicator
can be explained.
3.
Composite
Reliability
If the composite reliability and cronbach alpha are both
more than 0.70, a measurement is considered to be trustworthy. Composite
reliability refers to the consistency of indicator blocks in a research model
Table 5
Cronbach Alpha Test of Composite Reliability and Composite
Reliability
|
Constructs |
Composite
Reliability |
Cronbach Alpha |
|
Job Satisfaction, (JS) Organizational Commitment, (OC) Organizational Citizenship Behavior,
(OCB) Workplace Spirituality (WPS) |
0.975 0.971 0.946 0.969 |
0.968 0.955 0.924 0.952 |
Table 5 reveals that the composite reliability value of all
constructions is more than 0.70, indicating that it fulfills the composite
reliability criteria's dependable requirements.
4.
Inner
Model Evaluation
The inner model test is used to assess the model as a whole
using analytical methods such as R-Square (R2), Q-Square Predictive
Relevance (Q2), and Goodness of Fit (GoF)
Table
6
Overall
Model Test
|
Constructs |
R. Square |
Q2 |
GoF |
|
Job Satisfaction (JS) Organizational Commitment (OC) Organizational Citizenship
Behavior, OCB |
0.852 0.765 0.591 |
0.744 0.867 0.449 |
0.668 0.836 0.695 |
According to Table 6, the entire model is described
extremely effectively when using analytical methods such as the R-Square (R2),
Q-Square Predictive Relevance (Q2), and Goodness of Fit (GoF).
According to Figure 2, testing the association between
latent components as expected in the research was done by resampling using the
bootstrapping method.

Figure 2. PLS model processing
result
The Inner Weight findings in Figure 2 reveal that OCB is
impacted by employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and OCB is
influenced by employee performance, all of which will be explained in
hypothesis testing on the next exposure.
5.
Testing
Hypotheses
The predicted output for structural model testing when the
anticipated outcome is rejected as Ho or sig value < 0.05 (or statistical t
value > 1.96 for Test with significant level of 0.05) is shown in Table 7.
Table 7
Path Analysis and hypothesis testing
|
Linkage |
Original
Sample (O) |
Sample
Mean (M) |
Standard
Deviation (STDEV) |
T
Statistics |
p-value |
Description |
|
JS� �����������OCB OC
�����������OCB WPS��������� JS WPS���������� OC WPS��������� OCB GEN-JS-
OCB��� �����OCB GEN-OC-OCB�������� OCB GEN-WPS-OCB��������� OCB |
-0,497 0,237 0,923 0,875 0,505 0,037 -0,023 -0,010 |
-0,495 0,287 0,925 0,877 0,555 -0,014 -0,069 0,081 |
0,417 0,341 0,014 0,034 0,253 0,536 0,388 0,367 |
1,191 1,965 66,409 25,907 2,000 0,070 0,059 0,028 |
0,234 0,048 0,000 0,000 0,046 0,944 0,953 0,978 |
Rejected Accepted Accepted Accepted Rejected Rejected Rejected Rejected |
GEN-JS-OCB → OCB, this explains that gender is a moderating
element in the association between job satisfaction (JS) and organizational
citizenship behavior, (OCB)
GEN-OC-OCB → OCB, this explains that gender is a moderating
element in the link between organizational commitment (OC) and organizational
citizenship behavior, (OCB)
GEN-WPS-OCB → OCB, this explains that gender is a moderating
element in the association between workplace spirituality (WPS) and
Organizational Citizenship Behavior, (OCB).
B.
Discussion
1. Positive impacts of workplace spirituality on job
satisfaction
Workplace spirituality, according to the notion, has a
favorable impact on job satisfaction. If the path coefficient value is 0.923
(positive) based on the test findings, H1 is accepted. The test findings show
that workplace spirituality (WPS) has a favorable substantial influence on job
satisfaction among Bangli Regency public notary personnel. That is, the greater
the job satisfaction of the public notary's workers, the better the workplace
spirituality (WPS) used in the office. The findings of this study support (Krahnke
et al., 2003) research,
which found that workplace spirituality had an impact on job satisfaction. (Milliman
et al., 2003)
discovered a positive link between two variables: workplace spirituality and
job satisfaction. Other researchers' findings complement the findings of this
study, such as (Kolodinsky,
Robert W., Robert A. Giacalone, 2008), (Usman
& Danish, 2010), and (Chawla
& Guda, 2013),
which show a favorable association between workplace spirituality and job
satisfaction. People nowadays devote more time to work or formal job-related
activities than to personal affairs. As a result, workers anticipate being able
to meet their spiritual demands at work (Garg
et al., 2019). Workplace spirituality's institutionalization enables
meaningful and purposeful labor, as well as social connection, and hence
spiritual satisfaction (Van
der Walt & De Klerk, 2014).
Work, organization, and work environment are rapidly becoming the focus of
attention in one's life (De
Klerk et al., 2006). In the sense that workplace spirituality is increasingly
being hailed as a promoter of job satisfaction, workers whose spiritual needs
are met have a better degree of fulfillment spiritually.
2. Spirituality in the workplace has a positive impact on
organizational citizenship behavior
Workplace spirituality, according to the notion, has a good
impact on corporate citizenship behavior. If the path coefficient value is
0.505 (positive) based on the test findings, then H2 is. The findings show that
workplace spirituality (WPS) has a strong favorable impact on public notary
workers' organizational citizenship behavior in Bangli Regency. That is, the
greater the degree of organizational citizenship
behavior of its workers, the better the workplace spirituality (WPS) used in
the public notary's office. The findings of this research corroborate those of (Charoensukmongkol
et al., 2015),
who found that three components of workplace spirituality are substantially
associated with organizational citizenship behavior. According to (Kazemipour
& Mohd Amin, 2012),
great work experiences may motivate people to work joyfully and even go above
and beyond their job responsibilities. Workplace spirituality, when combined with
a feeling of community, may be a powerful motivator for workers to engage in
organizational citizenship (Charoensukmongkol
et al., 2015). As is generally known, a feeling of community refers to a
workplace in which employees feel a close bond with their coworkers (Ashmos
& Duchon, 2000). There is no denying that employees who have a strong
connection with the working environment will be more willing to� assist, defend, or promote the welfare of
others (Schwartz
& Bilsky, 1990). As
a result, individuals' prosocial conduct at work might drive them to contribute
wisely in aiding coworkers and organizations outside of their official
obligations (Li et
al., 2010).
3. Spirituality in the workplace has a positive impact on organizational
dedication.
Workplace spirituality, according to the notion, has a
favorable impact on organizational dedication. If the path coefficient value is
0.875 (positive) with a t-statistic value of 25.907 (> 1.96) or a p-value of
0.000 (0.05) based on the test findings, H3 is acceptable. The findings show
that workplace spirituality (WPS) has a strong favorable impact on public
notary workers' organizational commitment in Bangli Regency. This indicates
that the greater the amount of employee dedication, the better the workplace
spirituality (WPS) implemented in the public notary's office. The findings of
this research agree with those of (Pawar,
2009), who showed that workplace spirituality had a substantial
beneficial influence on organizational commitment. (Sapta
et al., 2021)
concluded that workplace spirituality had a significant positive effect on
organizational commitment. As a result, the viewpoint stated (Rego
& e Cunha, 2008). This study supported (Fry
et al., 2005) assertion
that workplace spirituality is one of the antecedent determinants of organizational
commitment (Krahnke
et al., 2003).
Kindness toward coworkers, for example, promotes happy feelings and may lead to
more favorable employee attitudes about work. As a result, the employees may be
more emotional and more committed to the organization in question (Milliman
et al., 2003).
Employee self-esteem, expectations, health, happiness, and personal progress
are all boosted by humanistic corporate principles and the opportunity to undertake
meaningful work. As a consequence, workers bring their complete selves to work
(physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual), see work as a mission rather than
merely a "job," and are more effectively and normatively engaged to
and devoted to their company (Rego
& e Cunha, 2008).
4. Job satisfaction�s positive influence on organizational
citizenship behavior
Job satisfaction, according to the premise, has a favorable
impact on organizational citizenship behavior. If the path coefficient value is
-0.497 (negative) with a t-statistic value of 1.191 (1.96) or a p-value of
0.123 (>0.05) based on the test findings, H4 is rejected. Job satisfaction
(JS) has no influence on OCB of public notary workers in Bangli Regency,
according to the test findings. (Purwanto
et al., 2021) found
that work satisfaction has a positive and substantial influence on
organizational citizenship behavior, although the outcomes of this research
contradict this. Also, the results of (Khazamah
et al., 2021)
contradict the findings of (Khazamah
et al., 2021),
which show that workers with high job satisfaction may enhance OCB, which is
excellent for moving the agency forward. Consequently, despite extensive research
on the association between work satisfaction and organizational citizenship
behavior (OCB), the findings of this study do not support (Yulianto,
2021) assertion
that elements that impact OCB include employee job satisfaction.
5. Organizational commitment has a positive impact on
organizational citizenship behavior.
Employee organizational commitment has a favorable influence
on organizational citizenship behavior, according to the premise. If the path coefficient
value is 0.237 (positive) with a t-statistic value of 1.965 (> 1.96) or a
p-value of 0.048 (0.05) based on the test findings, H5 is acceptable. Employee
organizational commitment has a strong beneficial influence on organizational
citizenship behavior of public notary personnel in Bangli Regency, according to
the test findings. That is, the greater the amount of extra work activity, the
stronger the employee's organizational commitment to the company. This study's
findings are consistent with those of (Sahertian,
2010), (Oemar,
2013), (Nurjanah
et al., 2020), and (Purwanto
et al., 2021), who discovered that organizational commitment had a strong
beneficial influence on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The findings
of this research support (Qing
et al., 2020).'s
assertion that when people are content with their jobs, they would give their
all to get the greatest possible outcomes. Furthermore, highly devoted
personnel will go to any length to grow the firm because they believe in their
job. When workers have a strong commitment to the business, they are completely
satisfied with their job and eager to take steps to advance the firm. Someone
who is really committed to the organization is more likely to be a member for a
long period. Organizational commitment, as part of attitudes, has an impact on
a variety of critical behaviors that are required for the company to run well.
6. Organizational citizenship behavior and gender
In connection with hypothesis 6 (H6), gender may affect the
association between organizational commitment and organizational citizenship
behavior (OCB). If the path coefficient value is 0.037 (positive) with a
t-statistic value of 0.070 (1.96) or a p-value of 0.944 (>0.05) based on the
test findings, H6 is rejected. In connection with hypothesis 7 (H7), gender may
modify the association between workplace spirituality and organizational citizenship
behavior (OCB). If the path coefficient value is -0.010 (negative) with a
t-statistic value of 0.028 (1.96) or a p-value of 0.978 (>0.05) based on the
test findings, thus H7 is rejected. In connection with hypothesis 8 (H8),
gender may modify the association between employee organizational commitment
and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). If the path coefficient value is
-0.023 (negative) with a t-statistic value of 0.059 (1.96) or a p-value of
0.953 (>0.05) based on the test findings, H8 is rejected. As a result,
gender has not been able to be a moderator in terms of employee job
satisfaction variables with organizational citizenship behavior (OCB),
workplace spirituality variables with organizational citizenship behavior
(OCB), or organizational commitment variables with organizational citizenship
behavior (OCB). The findings of this research contradict those of (Korkmaz
& Menge, 2018), who claim that gender has a moderating influence on workplace
spirituality and organizational commitment. As a consequence of these findings,
there is no need to incorporate role behavior characteristics (gender) when
predicting and managing personnel. This conclusion also contradicts (Khalid
et al., 2009),
who claim that gender moderates the association between helpful conduct and
intention to migrate, with women having a greater relationship than males.
Conclusion
The model
is certified satisfactory based on the research values that have been discussed
above.� Workplace spirituality has a
favorable impact on job happiness. The research shows that workplace
spirituality (WPS) has a positive impact on public notary employee job
satisfaction at Bangli Regency, indicating that the first hypothesis is
correct. For the second hypothesis that corporate citizenship behavior is
positively influenced by workplace spirituality, the research� shows that workplace spirituality (WPS) has a
substantial favorable influence on public notary workers' organizational
citizenship conduct at Bangli Regency, indicating that the second hypothesis is
correct. For the third hypothesis that workplace spirituality improves
organizational commitment, the research shows that workplace spirituality (WPS)
has a considerable beneficial impact on notary workers' organizational
commitment at Bangli Regency, indicating that the fourth hypothesis is correct.
For the fourth hypothesis that job satisfaction has a favorable influence on
organizational citizenship behavior,�
this hypothesis is rejected because the research shows that job satisfaction
(JS) has no influence on OCB for public notary workers in Bangli Regency. For
the fifth hypothesis that employee organizational commitment has a favorable
influence on organizational citizenship behavior, this hypothesis is accepted
because the research shows that employee organizational commitment has a strong
beneficial influence on organizational citizenship behavior of notary personnel
in Bangli Regency. For the sixth hypothesis, the research shows that gender may
modify the association between organizational commitment and organizational
citizenship behavior (OCB). For the seventh hypothesis, the research shows that
gender may modify the association between workplace spirituality and
organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). For the eighth hypothesis, the research
shows that gender may modify the association between employee organizational
commitment and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The last three
hypotheses were rejected. As a result, in the model used, gender has not been
able to operate as a moderator.
Recommendations
Because
this study only takes a sample from a public notary service firm in one of Bali
Province's regency (i.e. Bangli Regency), generalizing the findings to a larger
population or sample would be dangerous. Future research should gather data
from a variety of companies to be more representative. Researchers may look
into a variety of issues related to spirituality and work attitude in order to
expand their knowledge and comprehension of the two. Using either the sub-sample
technique or the interaction model, other demographic factors such as
individual traits and gender may be investigated as moderators.
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Copyright holder: Ni Luh Putu Sariani,
I Gede Aryana Mahayasa, A.A. Istri Agung Maheswari, I Made Purba Astakoni, Ni
Made Satya Utami (2022) |
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