Life Motivation in Autobiography of Nick Vujicic Life Without Limits Literary Learning Perspective

This study describes Nick Vujicic's life motivation which includes extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to fulfill his life needs in his autobiography "Life Without Limits" from a literary learning perspective. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The research results in Nick Vujicic's autobiography "Life Without Limits" show that Nick gets extrinsic motivation from his family, especially his father and mother, who encourage, mobilize, and direct Nick to make ends meet. Motivation from his parents encourages Nick to get the intrinsic motivation within himself to encourage himself to carry out his daily activities (physiological needs), feel secure about his future (need for security and protection), and feel loved and accepted by himself. Friends and family (the need to have and love) with a physical condition without arms and legs. Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation plays an important role that needs and complements each other in facing every difficulty and challenge in life, thus enabling Nick to fulfill his life's needs and get through his dark times


INTRODUCTION
Literature is a work of art that is a means for writers to express feelings, thoughts, ideas, ideas and life experiences. Saini dan Sumardjo, 1997 argue that literature is an expression of the human person in the form of experiences, thoughts, feelings, ideas, enthusiasm and beliefs in the form of a concrete image that evokes fascination with language tools. Through literary works, the author uses language to provide information both in the form of thoughts, feelings, desires and specific intentions to the reade (Luntungan, 2013). In addition, literature served as both a source of entertainment and a means of transacting business. Literary sentences were the most difficult language teaching and learning tasks at the time (Rahimipour, 2021).
Learning literature through Indonesian language subjects is one of the means to educate students where through literary appreciation activities students are able to enjoy and take advantage of literary works to broaden horizons, refine character, increase knowledge and language skills (Pendidikan, 2006). The teaching of literature in schools also aims to make students understand and love literature (Malinggas, Liando, Polii, & Rotty, 2020).
Indonesian is one of the fields of study taught in schools. Indonesian language teaching must involve efforts that can teach a variety of skills (Liando, 2020). Language and literature learning aims to improve students' ability to speak indonesian properly and correctly, both verbally and in writing. Therefore, indonesian language and literature learning is directed so that students are skilled in communicating, both oral and written.
The concept of literature or poetry is predicated on the assumption that "literary" and "non-literary" discourses are substantially different (Longhitano, 2014). Broadly speaking, literature is divided into two types, namely non-imaginative literature based on the reality of the author's life and imaginative literature based on the writer's imagination. In the world of literature, non-imaginative literary works consist of several forms, one of which is in the form of an autobiography.
Autobiography is a literary work that tells about the life experiences of the author. Autobiographical works have long inhabited a space between history and literature, with critical discussions concerning identity, self-expression, and self-representation arising (Kamal, 2020). The prevalence of autobiographical study stems from the anthropological movement in the humanities on the one hand, and the production of a significant number of autobiographical works on the other (Voloshina & Demeshkina, 2015). Moreover, the term autobiography includes various forms of writing that tell the experience of the author, including various subgenres such as memoirs and confessions, as well as travel stories (Berryman, 1999, Olmeadow: 1999. Autobiography is also one of the materials in the Indonesian language subject at the level of junior high school education (SMP) grades 8 and 9. Students will learn to understand the text of the autobiographical story, compile, identify, analyze, summarize and look for meaning in the story. Autobiographies can increase students' insight into autobiographical story texts, motivate students and help the process of internalizing character education values to create students who are intelligent and have character.
One of the autobiographies is the work of Nick Vujicic in his book entitled "Life Without Limits". Nick Vujicic has the full name of Nicholas James Vujicic who was born without arms and legs. In this book, Nick tells his life experiences which are full of challenges because he has a different physical condition from other people. Nick has a physical condition known as "disabled", which is a physical disability where he was born without arms and legs. In his childhood, he experienced several difficulties because of his physical condition, namely: (1) Nick is difficult to move because he does not have arms and legs, (2) Nick feels anxious about the future because of his physical limitations, (3) Nick finds it difficult to accept himself and difficult for his friends to accept, and (4) Nick tried to end his life (Vujicic, 2011).
This shows that Nick needs encouragement that can move him to face the difficulties and challenges he is going through. An American professor known as the father of psychology, Abraham Harold Maslow in his book Motivation andpersonality, 1954 (second edition 1970) argued that every human being has a behavior to meet his needs. In this case, motivation acts as a source of driving and driving individual behavior to meet needs in achieving certain goals (Setyobroto, 1989). Based on Maslow's theory, it can be concluded that Nick needs motivation to fulfill his life needs as follows: (1) doing his daily activities (physiological needs), (2) feeling secure in his future (need for security and protection), and (3) feeling loved and received with a physical condition without arms and legs (the need to be owned and love).
Based on the description above, the problem formulation is as follows: how is the motivation to live in Nick Vujicic's autobiography "Life Without Limits" ?. This includes (1) extrinsic motivation, namely how the encouragement of both parents and (2) intrinsic motivation, namely how to encourage himself so that he can meet the needs of life and get through these gloomy times. This can be a source of motivation for children who are in the same condition and also for parents as a source of input on how to motivate children in that situation.
Motivation comes from the word "motive" which means the driving force from within to carry out activities to achieve goals (Sadirman: 2004). Motive is a source of driving and driving individual behavior to meet needs in achieving certain goals (Setyobroto, 1989). In psychology, motive is a stimulation, impetus or energy generator so that a certain movement or action is interpreted through behavior so that motivation is also seen as a mental impulse that drives and directs human behavior, including learning behavior or everything that is done every day (Dimyati & Mudjiono, 2009). Motivation is also the willingness to put forth a high level of effort for goals conditioned by the ability of that effort to meet a need. Motivation has 3 functions, namely: boosting, driving and directing actions.
Motivation is closely related to basic human needs as stated by an American professor, Abraham Harold Maslow, a psychologist known as the father of psychology in his book motivation and personality, that humans behave in an attempt to meet their needs. Maslow classified human needs into five hierarchies of needs as follows: (1) Physiological needs (Physiological needs). (2) the need for a sense of security and protection (safety and security needs). (3) the need to have and love (the need to have and love), (4) the need for appreciation (Estem needs) and (5) the need for self-actualization (the need for self-actualization) (Maslow, 1970).
Thus it can be concluded that life motivation is a motive, stimulus or impulse that can move and direct a person's behavior to meet his life needs and encourage someone to be willing to give their best efforts in living life, especially to survive when facing various challenges and difficulties in life. Life motivation comes from within each person and the influence of his/ her environment such as family and social environment. In brief, intrinsic motivation has a direct impact on learning behavior and accomplishment, while extrinsic motivation has an indirect impact on learning behavior and accomplishment (Tokan & Imakulata, 2019).

. Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation is motivation that comes from awareness within a person in the form of a desire to act which is caused by an internal driving factor (Prayitnno & Elida, 1989). There are several factors that affect intrinsic motivation, namely needs, expectations and interests. This study does not examine intrinsic motivation as a whole and is only limited to the need factors level 1 to 3 because these 3 things are needed and affect Nick according to the contents of his childhood story in the autobiographical life without limits. The explanation is as follows: (Maslow, 1970) a) Physiological needs. Examining how Nick pushed himself to act to meet his physiological needs with a physical condition without arms and legs because it is not easy to do this in such physical conditions. b) Safety and security needs. Examining how Nick pushed himself to feel safe and acted in achieving his dreams and future with his physical limitations. c) Belongingness and love needs. Examining how Nick pushed himself to accept his physical condition and love himself for who he is and acted against rejection and acceptance by his friends.

Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation is motivation that arises because of the influence of the outside environment. This motivation uses triggers to get someone motivated. Extrinsic motivation is something that is obtained through one's own observation, through suggestions and encouragement from others. There are several factors that influence extrinsic motivation, namely: family encouragement, social environment and rewards. This study did not examine extrinsic motivation as a whole but only limited to the factors of family motivation, especially parents. To examine how the family, especially his parents, motivated Nick by encouraging, motivating and directing Nick to act to meet his needs and through his dark times.

METHOD
The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Descriptive qualitative is a research procedure with the results of a descriptive data study in the form of the author's speech in the autobiography "Life Without Limits" with the data collection technique used by researchers, namely the literature technique through the process of reading and recording the findings to find the presence of the required data. The data analysis technique in this research uses a flow analysis model, which consists of three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions that are interrelated with one another.

A. Extrinsic Motivation
Nick gets motivation from his family, especially his parents, who encourage, motivate and direct him to act in the face of every difficulty and challenge in his life. His parents realize that they have a responsibility to maintain, care for and instill norms that will shape Nick's attitude and behavior in everyday life. They choose to accept Nick as he is and believe that God must have a plan for the son He gave to those with physical conditions without these arms and legs. They motivate Nick by providing encouragement in the form of sincere and constructive words and deeds to meet his 3 needs as follows:

1) Physiological Needs
Parents have an important role in fulfilling children's physiological needs, especially for Nick, who does not have arms and legs. His mother as a medical worker understands very well how to care for Nick and how to fulfill his dietary nutrition for his growth and development. Furthermore, to help Nick in his daily activities, his parents tried to equip him with a replacement arm and operate on his little fingers. This they do to make it easier for Nick to meet his physiological needs such as holding a spoon when eating and a glass when drinking. Furthermore, helping Nick to hold a pen while writing and control a special electric wheelchair, computer and cellphone.
His parents always lifted his body and helped Nick to do things he couldn't do on his own. They also reassured Nick that they would always be there and would not mind caring for him and helping him in all circumstances. Everything they do shows that whatever their physiological needs are, they are always trying to encourage, move and direct him to meet these needs.

2) Safety and security needs
Both of his parents tried to make Nick feel safe in living his life. They accept him as he is, help and treat him well so that he feels safe and does not worry about life because of his physical limitations. However, when he began to realize his physical limitations, this made Nick afraid and anxious about his future. He felt that his future must be bleak, he would never get a job, get married, let alone have children, even he felt he would only be a burden to his family. Knowing this, his parents tried to calm Nick by instilling religious values and encouraging him to believe in God's plan in his life and move him to have big dreams. They convince Nick not to let fear and anxiety limit him but to direct him to pursue the dreams and future he wants. To support their future, they encourage Nick to undergo a normal education in Australia so that he becomes the first child with disabilities who can "become normal" because of undergoing the general education system in Australia.
His parents also supported Nick by saying constructive words every morning before he left for school. They tried to encourage him to do his best and convince him that there was a God who would help him. Everything his parents did shows that they were trying to help Nick feel secure about his future by instilling religious values, encouraging him not to let fear and anxiety limit him move him to do his best and directing him to pursue his dreams and future which he wants.

3) Belongingness and Love Needs
Every people has a need to want to be loved and to love (Maslow, 1970). Everyone wants to be accepted by themselves and have close relationships with others. Everyone needs to be part of a family, friendship and other social groups. Likewise with Nick, he also needs to be accepted by himself, friends and family. However, his physical condition made it difficult for Nick to accept himself and was difficult for his friends to accept. But in the family, they give love, affection and genuine care for Nick. They love Nick as he is based on the love of God. As Christian parents, they believe that the Lord Jesus loves Nick with a physical condition without arms and legs and he was created according to God's plan so that they accept, love, care for and help Nick do everything to make ends meet. His parents always instilled religious values, read the Bible and invited him to church. They also always encourage him to accept and love himself as he is. Subsequently, his mother directed Nick to play with his "normal" friends and helped him to realize that he just didn't have some body parts and it didn't matter so he could play with his friends too.
His father also encouraged Nick to believe that his parents would always be there for him in all circumstances and that everything would be fine. His father assures Nick that good things await him. His mother encouraged Nick to understand that they believe God will one day show His best plans for Nick. Therefore, Nick trusted his parents and endured the hopes and encouragement of both parents before he was able to push himself to take action in living his life. In addition, Nick also gets support from his two younger siblings and cousins who accept him as he is.
Everything his parents did shows that they accepted, loved and gave Nick genuine affection and care based on the belief that God loved Nick and created him according to God's plan. Being loved by his family made him begin to realize that God really loves him as told by his parents. This is what made Nick begin to learn to accept and love himself. Her family gives her sincere love and affection to meet her need to be loved and owned.

B. Intrinsic Motivation
This motivation comes from Nick's inner awareness in the form of a desire to act which is caused by an internal driving factor. The awareness that drives, moves and directs Nick to behave in meeting his life's needs. Nick realized there was genuine love and affection for him from his family as a gift from God. Nick learned to accept that God loves him because that's how he feels through his family. From this comes the impetus that moves Nick to start facing the difficulties and challenges of his life. So that Nick began to be moved to act in meeting his needs. The explanation is as follows:

1) Physicological Needs
When Nick entered his teens, there was an inner urge to be more independent and take care of himself. Nick realizes that in his daily life he is very dependent on his family even to do small things. Nick felt he didn't want to be a burden to his family, especially his siblings. He realized that in order to survive he could not rely on others forever. In the future, he also wants to get married, have children and be responsible for his family. So that there arises an impulse from within him that moves him to learn to be independent and take care of himself. In the early stages, Nick learned how to bathe and dress himself. Nick shows progress by using his small feet, nose and chin to perform several other activities.
This makes him very happy and more confident to try to do other things to meet his physiological needs. Thus, it can be concluded that those with physical limitations really need encouragement from their parents or those closest to them in their daily activities, but they can also learn to take care of themselves even though it takes time and process but the results show that they can also live independently in their daily activities. meet physiological needs.

2) Safety and Security Needs
Nick's success in learning to be independent makes him more motivated and confident to believe that his life will be better and there is hope that there will be a better future according to God's plan as his parents always conveyed. Furthermore, a lot of encouragement from both parents in the form of religious values and positive words began to encourage Nick to be stronger in facing every challenge and difficulty. In the end, there came a urge from within him to believe in God's love and plan for his life. Nick increasingly believes in God's presence and puts his future in God's hands. Nick believes that God's design always brings peace and a hopeful future, so Nick begins to feel calm because he realizes that only God can bring a better future for him. Furthermore, Nick continued his education and successfully completed his education at the tertiary level by obtaining 2 bachelor's degrees, namely in accounting and financial planning at the University of Griffith Australia.
This shows that parental encouragement in the form of religious values is very important for children. When Nick is anxious about an unseen future from those values there is an intrinsic urge to feel secure. Furthermore, the encouragement of parents to undergo normal education is also very helpful for him in developing himself and achieving a better future. So that now he already has a job and career like people in general. Nick is also married and has 4 children.

3) Belongingness and Love Needs
In the family, Nick always gets the urge to love and accept himself because they believe that God accepts and loves him for who he is. His parents accept, love and treat him with genuine affection. Within the family he also learned a lot about religious values and how to behave in everyday life. Finally, there was an urge from within him to learn about God's love, God's plan, to learn to be independent and to leave his future in God's hands. Over the years Nick has learned to understand and accept himself. In the end, when he was 15 years old Nick heard a life story that was very influential in his life, which is one of the stories in the Bible about a man who was blind from birth. Through this story, Nick discovered the truth that this man was born blind not because of his sin or the sins of his parents but because God's works must be revealed in him. From this story Nick learns to see himself as not a burden, he has the power to live his life and he is not punished by his physical condition but is specially created to make God's work manifest in him. This gives Nick happiness, peace and strength that moves him to love and accept that he was born without arms and legs. Nick also found in the Bible that every person is created with a powerful and extraordinary which encourages him to accept that he is the same as his friends created by God in a mighty and extraordinary way according to God's plan. Nick also realizes that he is a child of God who is precious to God just like other people who have arms and legs and lead him to love himself as he is.
This encourages Nick to accept his imperfections without arms and legs and forgive his mistakes because he realized God already loves, accepts and forgives him as he is. Furthermore, Nick believes that he has blessings in the form of gifts, talents, knowledge and love that can be shared with others. Therefore, at the age of 15 he decided to align life with God's plan, asking forgiveness and asking God to light his way in order to find God's plan. This is the turning point for Nick where he really accepts himself and encourages himself to focus on God's plan for his life.
Furthermore, at the age of 16, there was an inner urge to approach his friends by speaking at a meeting and telling him what he had experienced. Nick tells his life story to let them know that he shares the same feelings, sadness, and fear as them. He wanted to show that even without arms and legs he was still the same human being as those with feelings, needs and dreams. The experience that day paid off as Nick began to be accepted by his friends and received invitations as a speaker in student groups, youth groups and so on. Nick finally realized that even though he didn't have arms and legs he had a lot to share with others.
Nick increasingly understands that he was born without arms and legs in order to help people who have the same physical condition. Nick was enlightened that no matter how difficult it is to live without arms and legs, his life still has meaning that can be donated. Nick believes that everyone present in this world is equipped with a purpose just like in his life, he doesn't have arms and legs but he has a mouth to speak with and a heart that wants to reach out to other people. In conclusion, Nick realizes that his life story encourages, moves and directs him to understand God's love and plan so that he can become a blessing for others. Nick, who initially could not motivate himself, finally can motivate others who are losing hope, empathize with their suffering and extend help to those in need.
Nick wants to share his life experiences with people both with the same physical condition as him and those who are "normal" to help them understand God's love and plan, help them find hope in the midst of a wave of tough trials and motivate them to be stronger, stronger steadfast and more empowered in fulfilling their daily needs. Thus, Nick is increasingly developing himself and focusing on becoming a speaker, motivator and evangelist. In 2005 he founded an organization called life without limbs which aims to provide moral and material assistance to people with physical limitations. Furthermore, in 2007, he founded a company engaged in the motivational speaking field called Attitude is Altitude. With this company he started his career as a professional motivator. She motivates and inspires people both in Australia and in other countries. In the following years, he has been busy traveling the world to become a motivator in schools, societies, organizations and on various platforms even at international events.

CONCLUSION
Life motivation includes extrinsic motivation from parents and intrinsic motivation from oneself, which plays an essential role as a driving force for Nick to fulfill his life's needs, as a driving force to survive, and as a direction in passing any challenges and difficulties due to his physical condition. Life motivation encourages, moves, and directs Nick to go through gloomy times and makes him stronger and empowered to live life and able to act to meet his physiological needs (doing daily activities), the need for security and protection (feeling secure in his future) and needs belonging and love (feeling loved and accepted).