Dachlyani Yustina Dewi, Yudi
Nur Supriadi, Acim Heri Iswanto
Faculty of Economics and Business, University of
Pembangunan Nasional Veteran, Jakarta, Indonesia
Email:
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected]
|
ARTICLE INFO |
ABSTRACT |
|
Date received: 19 February 2022 Revision date
: 01 March 2022 Date received : 15 March 2022 |
The purpose of this
quantitative study was to determine the effect of Transformational Leadership (TL), Quality of Work Life
(QWL) on Organizational Citizenship Behavior
(OCB) with Organizational Commitment (OC) Mediation. ASN Civil
servants millennial employees of the
Human Resources Development Training and Education Unit of the Ministry of
Law �and Human Rights are the population
in this study.The criteria for respondents using purposive sampling technique. The number
of samples used in this study were 100 respondents, using
simple random sampling method. Data collection was done by distributing questionnaires. The analysis technique of this research uses Structure Equation Models (SEM) analysis using Partial Least
Square (PLS). This
study shows that (1) TL has a significant effect on
OCB with a path coefficient value of 0.375 with a Tstatistic value of 3.116 > 1.96
(2) QWL has no significant effect on OCB with a path coefficient value of 0.163 with a Tstatistic
value of 1.400 < 1.96 (3) TL has an effect significant effect on OC with a path coefficient value of
0.263 with a Tstatistic value of 2.846
> 1.96 (4) QWL has a significant effect on OC with a path coefficient value of 0.462
with a Tstatistic value
of 5.506 >
1.96 (5) OC has a significant effect
on OCB with a path
coefficient value of 0.315 with Tstatistic value 3.765 > 1.96. |
|
Keywords: Transformational leadership; quality of work life; organizational commitment; organizational
citizenship behavior |

INTRODUCTION
Human
resources (HR) have an important role in the success of an organization in the
current era of globalization. HR must be able to regulate itself and all of its
capabilities to achieve a balanced and sustainable peaceful life to be able to
carry out its duties as flexible and transformative social beings. An
organization must have a competitive advantage in order to achieve its goals,
and one of the strategies that can produce a sustainable competitive advantage
is through human resource management that is able to achieve predetermined
targets (Jackson, Ones, & Dilchert, 2018).
HR skills advantages Indonesia compared to other ASEAN countries can be seen in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Competitiveness of Indonesian HR in
ASEAN
Source: ASEAN
Secretariat
The
management of HR has added value that supports competitive advantage (Arifin & Pranogyo, 2021).
According to Rahma (2020)
the quality of Indonesian human resources is increasing. It is known that Central
Statistics Agency (BPS) shows that in
2021 it is known that human development index (HDI) has increased by 1.76 in a
period of 5 years 2016 to 2020 as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Diagram of Indonesia's HDI
Source: processed data
Organizational
behavior emphasizes individual behavior
in carrying out their daily work effectively (Anggraeni, Basalamah, & Farida, 2021).
One of the organizational behaviors is shown through
HR management. Human resource management is the main thing in the organization
because human resources are actors, managers and implementers in the
organizational performance process. According to Ong and Mahazan (2020),
�to produce appropriate actions in
achieving organizational goals, it must be equipped with appropriate HR
management strategies and quality human resources.
Human
resource management needs to be done because the level of ability to change an
organization is seen from the consistency of sustainable HR changes and the
formation of a culture where this is the key to the success of change (Kusumajati, 2014); (Ulrich, 1998). According to Handitya (2019),
HR is a strategic position for accelerating the country's development and
comprehensive policies and work programs must be implemented in order to obtain
quality human resources so that they can compete at the global level. The
participation of all employees in organizational change efforts is very much
needed. Therefore, all will be achieved as long as there is the will and also
the ability of each individual employee. A synergistic policy is needed
inter-executive interests in related fields as well as across fields to combine
existing resources and strengths to accelerate human resource development in
Indonesia.
According
to (Organ, Podsakoff, & MacKenzie, 2005),
another problem related to HR management is the behavior
of people in the organization, how the performance and what are the attitudes
of people known as organizational behavior which is
often done to overcome problems in the workplace such as absenteeism, work
results, quality of work, motivation, working in groups, and job satisfaction.
Discussion about OB is important because an organization definitely expects
loyalty from its employees at work, who are always willing to do tasks outside
of the job description listed in the employee's job description (for example,
helping work partners; polite behavior to other
employees) and the behavior carried out employees
happily, voluntarily, and sincerely will have a good impact on the company such
as profits can also increase the effectiveness and efficiency of organizations
that are not related to compensation schemes known as organizational
citizenship behavior (OCB).
OCB is an uncommon part of a person in his work activities. One of
the achievements of an organization's success is if it has employees who are
willing to do other additional tasks apart from their main tasks such as
willing to give advice, work together, actively participate, help each other,
and want to use their work time effectively. According to (Supriadi, Ahman, Wibowo, & Furqon, 2019) employees who have good organizational citizenship behavior tend to work
professionally and are able to complete quality work.
There
are several opinions stating the need to implement OCB. Organ et al., (2005) argue that
OCB as a simple practice extended to colleagues,
bosses, and clients. This takes the form of helping work partners who
have excessive work responsibilities or engage in innovative and spontaneous
activities and talk about the organization positively to outsiders. The growth of
OCB in employees in the organizational environment is very important, this
alone makes the emergence or increase of OCB (Nugraha & Adnyani, 2017). According to Siders et al. (2009), the main things that affect the increase in OCB behavior include those
that originate from the employee's own personality (internal) such as
satisfaction, competence, commitment, positive behavior, etc. Then those that
start from outside employees (externals) such as management, administration,
organizational culture and leadership. (Robbins & Judge, 2013) revealed that in OCB work employees are the main determinant.
Several elements
that influence OCB, namely organizational culture, personality, organizational commitment, organizational climate, job satisfaction, servant leadership and transformational leadership, social responsibility of workers, age of
workers, collectivism, work involvement and fairness (Hendrawan & Sucahyawati, 2017). OCB is related to transformational leadership. The picture of
transformational leadership is that the leader becomes an inspiration/role model for his subordinates
and has charisma and is intellectually a leader who can stimulate his
subordinates to be skilled in solving problems. Transformational leadership
becomes an agent of change in the organization through the behavior and
performance of emotionally and intellectually capable leaders.
Apart
from transformational leadership and quality of work life, organizational
commitment also influences
OCB (Supriadi et al., 2019).
Commitment is a determination that comes from the heart
to work hard, be devoted and obliged to achieve the mission and vision of the
company that has been previously agreed upon. Mowday et al. (1982, p. 186) that
organizational commitment
describes an individual's feeling of a perception of the organization and also
its involvement in a particular organization. This indicates that
organizational commitment is not only passive loyalty, but also includes an
active bond from employees to participate more in the organization.
Contributing and having a strong understanding of the mission and values
of the organization, being willing to always be ready to work
harder, and having a strong will to remain in the organization are
characteristics of organizational commitment.
The
Human Resources Development Training and Education Unit of the Ministry of Law
and Human Rights was formed based on Permenkumham Number 29 of 2015 which is
the spearhead in implementing the HR development task of the Ministry of Law
and Human Rights so that it is required to be able to meet the needs of
developing knowledge, skills and attitudes of the
State Civil Apparatus Ministry of Law and Human Rights
in order to carry out their duties properly. However, this is a phenomenon
related to OCB practices in the Human Resources Development Training Work Unit,
especially civic virtue regarding employee participation in activities
organized by the Human Resources Development Training Work Unit. Organization is relatively low (see Table 1).
Table 1
Employee Participation in Organizational Activities
|
No |
Activity |
Information |
||
|
Target |
Participate |
Not Participating |
||
|
1 |
Gymnastics (weekly) |
422 |
27 |
395 |
|
2 |
Morning assembly (weekly) |
422 |
225 |
197 |
|
3 |
Pancasila Day Ceremony (annual) |
422 |
327 |
115 |
|
4 |
Indonesian Independence Day Ceremony (annual) |
422 |
346 |
76 |
|
5 |
Pancasila Sanctity Day Ceremony (annual) |
422 |
331 |
91 |
|
6 |
Internal Survey (annual) |
422 |
254 |
168 |
|
Total Activity Participation |
252 (59,7%) |
|||
Source: Employment
Data (Number of Employees 422)
Based on
table 1, it shows that the activity that gets the highest number of employees
is the Indonesian Independence Day Ceremony, and the activity with the lowest
participation is Gymnastics. To find out another phenomenon, the author
conducted an independent survey through WhatsApp communication media by sending
questions to 61 employees regarding participation in the Social Media and
YouTube accounts of bpsdm_kumham, as shown in Figure
3.
Figure 3. Employee Participation
in Following Organizational Social Media
Source:
Primary Data
Based
on Figure 3, it is known that the participation of employees to follow the
organization's social media accounts as a medium for delivering organizational
activities is low, only 37.5% who follow the social media accounts of the Human
Resources Development Training Work Unit. The most followed social media
account is Instagram and the least followed is Twitter. This shows that there are
variations in employee participation in supporting organizational activities as
part of the OCB value.
In
addition to the phenomenon of employee civic virtue, there are other OCB
practices in the Human Resources Development Training Unit, namely cooperation
(altruism) and managing change (sportmanship). Every
year Human Resource Development Agency (BPSDM)
Law and Human Rights carries out competency assessment activities,
especially managerial competence which refers to two managerial competencies
related to OCB criteria, namely cooperation (altruism) and managing change (sportmanship). Based on the observations and results of
discussions of several functional officials who carried out the assessment
task, the following data were obtained.
Based
on the assessment on the Civil Servants of the Human Resources Development
Training and Education Unit in 2020, the competency results were found as shown
in Table 2.
Table 2
Competency Results of Legal and Human Rights BPSDM
Employees Related to OCB in 2020
|
No |
Competence |
Information |
||
|
Exceed Standard |
Standard |
Below Standard |
||
|
1 |
Cooperation |
12,05% |
81,93% |
6,02% |
|
2 |
Managing Change |
6,02% |
73,49% |
20,48% |
Source:
Assessment Data
Based on
these data, it can be seen that there are still employees with below-standard
OCB criteria, however, from these data it is not possible to distinguish
between competency results. employee seniors and employees from the millennial
circle. Based on BPS data, the composition of the population by generation for
the millennial population is 25.87% as shown in Figure 4.

Figure
4. Population Composition by Generation, 2020
Source: Official News
of Statistics No. 7/01/Th. XXIV, January 21, 2021
The entry
of the millennial generation into the world of work indicates that this group
has different characteristics from the previous generation. According to data
from Alvara (2020),
the loyalty of the millennial generation is low. Millennials at work according
to Gallup (2016) have different characteristics, namely: (a) not only receiving
a salary, millennials also have goals that they aspire to, (b) apart from not
really pursuing satisfaction at work, millennials also want self-development
with new skills, get to know many people, learn new things and other
opportunities, (c) in assessing leaders, millennials do not like leaders who
often command and carry out strict supervision, (e) millennials want continuous
communication and not an annual review, (f) millennials are more concerned with
developing their strengths than improving their weaknesses, (g) for
millennials, work is part of life.
This study
wants to see how millennials who work as civil servants perceive TL, QWL, OC,
and OCB. So that it can be seen how much the millennial generation wants to
show OCB behavior. Considering the number of millennials, especially those with
less than 5 years of service, is around 133 people or 31% of the total
employees in the Human Resources Development Training and Education Unit. If
they have OCB behavior, it will have a big impact on the overall performance of
the organization. Phenomena that exist in The Human Resources Development
Training Work Unit is the low participation of employees and causes problems,
namely in the form of obstacles to the successful performance of the Human
Resources Development Training Work Unit and there are still employees with OCB
criteria in employee competency assessment, namely the criteria for cooperation
and managing changes that are the results of the assessment, below standard.
Based on
the results of the journal search that the author has done, finding a research
gap to strengthen the basis of this research can be described as follows: there
are differences in research results on the relationship of TL to OCB. Research
by (Lofquist & Matthiesen, 2018), (Nurjanah, Pebianti, & Handaru, 2020), and (E.-J. Kim & Park, 2019)
stated that TL has a significant influence on OCB. Meanwhile, Pratama Vini Wiratno (2019) states the
effect was not significant. Likewise with the results of the QWL study from (Yadav, Rangnekar, & Srivastava, 2019), (Pio & Tampi, 2018), (Hamzah, Hubeis, & Hendri, 2020), and (Pio & Lengkong, 2020)
state that QWL has a significant effect on OCB. In contrast, Suriyana, Wijaya, and Kumbara (2020)
state that QWL has no effect on OCB. OC can have a mediating role. However,
previous studies have not explained the role of OC as a mediator in the
relationship between TL and QWL with OCB. Where OC as a mediation has never
been studied at research sites in government organizations in this case at the
Ministry in Indonesia. Therefore, researchers feel the need to further examine
the results of the relationship between TL with OCB and OC as a mediating
determinant relationship with OCB in the Human Resources Development Training
Unit.
Zulkarnain (2018)
looks at the effect of TL on OC in this case OC does not have a role as a
mediation between the relationships of other factors. From the results of the
literature collected, there are 19 articles that examine OCB with these various
determinants. Based on this research on OCB, it is known that there is no
research that discusses the combination of factors between TL, QWL in
influencing OCB, especially with the intervention of OC as well as problems
related to OCB. experienced by BPSDM
Law and Human Rights, the authors are interested in conducting research which
will be discussed with the title of the thesis the effect of TL, QWL on OCB
with mediation from OC.
Thus,
the purpose of this study is to analyze the data and
test results of the influence of transformational leadership and quality of
work life on organizational citizenship behavior
mediated by organizational commitment. The benefit of this research is that
this research provides theoretical and practical contributions to the
development of HR Management theory through an explanation of the effects of TL,
QWL on OCB .
METHOD
Quantitative
methods are used in this study. The population in this study were employees of
the Human Resources Development Training and Education Unit of the Ministry of
Law and Human Rights, namely the Echelon II unit and Poltekim
Poltekip who were the millennial generation, namely
employees who were born in 1985-1998 and entered as Civil Servants between
2015-2020 as many as 133 employees. Meanwhile, the millennial Civil Servants criteria
set by researchers to become respondents through purposive sampling technique
amounted to 100, namely those who had worked as Civil Servants for less than 5
years and Civil Servants served in the Human Resources Development Training
Work Unit. Data collection techniques using primary data collection methods.
Primary data is data that is collected and processed by the researcher directly
from the respondents obtained through a survey method, namely a questionnaire.
The data analysis technique in this research is descriptive analysis.
Descriptive analysis has the aim of describing respondents' answers from
various constructs development. This analysis was used to obtain a descriptive
visualization of the respondents in this study, especially regarding the
research variables used, this analysis was carried out using index analysis
techniques (Ferdinand, 2014).
�
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Results
1. Transformational Leadership Research
����
Variables
Table 3
The Average
Value of the Transformational Leadership Variable
|
Dimensi |
Code |
Standard Deviation |
Mean |
Information |
|
Intellectual
Stimulation |
TL1 TL2 |
0.669 0.726 |
4.180 4.050 |
High High |
|
Ideal
Influence |
TL3 TL4 |
0.747 0.754 |
4.110 3.970 |
High High |
|
Individual Considerations |
TL5 TL6 |
0.726 0.740 |
3.950 3.850 |
High High |
|
Inspirational
Motivation |
TL7 TL8 |
0.692 0.742 |
3.960 3.990 |
High High |
|
Overall
Average |
4.008 |
High
|
||
Source: PLS results, processed data
(2021)
Based on the table above which shows
the highest average value of each transformational leadership dimension, namely
the intellectual stimulation dimension of 4,180 on TL1, the data shows that
superiors want employees to use reasoning in solving problems. problem. In the
dimension of the ideal influence, TL3 is 4,110 with a superior's statement
encouraging employees to be more creative. On the individual consideration
dimension of 3,950 on TL5 with a superior's statement stimulating the
innovation of his subordinates. In the dimension of inspirational motivation of
3,890 at TL8 with a superior's statement always providing an example through
real action. Based on these data, it is stated that the superior indicator
requires employees to use reason in solving problems, to be more creative,
superiors stimulate subordinates' innovation and superiors provide examples in
real action getting a good response from millennial employees of BPSDM Law and Human Rights. Judging from
the overall average value in the transformational leadership variable of 4,007
(high category) it shows that overall millennial employees in the Human
Resources Development Training Unit give positive responses to statements about
the transformational leadership variable.
Table 4
Average
Value of Quality of Work Life
|
Dimension |
Code |
Standard Deviation |
Mean |
Information |
|
Compensation |
QWL1 |
0.721 |
3.980 |
High |
|
|
QWL2 |
0.778 |
4.120 |
High |
|
|
QWL3 |
0.800 |
4.140 |
High |
|
Career
development |
QWL4 |
0.698 |
4.150 |
High |
|
|
QWL5 |
0.631 |
4.040 |
High |
|
Communication |
QWL6 |
0.698 |
4.180 |
High |
|
|
QWL7 |
0.658 |
4.260 |
Very High |
|
Employee
Participation |
QWL8 |
0.650 |
4.090 |
High |
|
|
QWL9 |
0.658 |
4.130 |
High |
|
Work
environment |
QWL10 |
0.608 |
3.990 |
High |
|
|
QWL11 |
0.665 |
4.090 |
High |
|
Health |
QWL12 |
0.711 |
4.210 |
Very High |
|
|
QWL13 |
0.680 |
4.090 |
High |
|
Overall
Average |
4.113 |
High |
||
Source: PLS output results, data
processed (2021)
Based on the Table 4, it shows the
highest average value of each quality of work life dimension, namely the
compensation dimension of 4,140 in QWL3, the data shows that the salary and
benefits provided provide many benefits. The career development dimension is
4,150 in QWL4 with a statement that the organization provides training/training
for employees. The communication dimension is 4,260 in QWL7 with a statement
that communication between coworkers is going well. In the dimension of
employee participation of 4,130 in QWL9 with a statement of experience
possessed can support participation in work. The dimensions of the work
environment are 4090 in QWL11 with the statement that the work environment
makes a sense of comfort at work. In the health dimension of 4,210 in QWL12
with a statement that the office provides convenience in health checks. Judging
from the overall average value in the quality of work life variable of 4,113
(high category) it shows that overall millennial employees in the Human
Resources Development Training Unit give positive responses to statements about
the quality of work life variable.
3 Organizational Commitment Research
Variables
Table 5
Organizational
Commitment Variable Average Value
|
Dimensi |
Code |
Standard Deviation |
Mean |
Information |
|
Affective
Commitment |
OC1 |
0.697 |
3.710 |
High |
|
|
OC2 |
0.708 |
3.830 |
High |
|
|
OC3 |
0.621 |
3.790 |
High |
|
Commitment |
OC4 |
0.753 |
4.150 |
High |
|
Sustainable |
OC5 |
0.940 |
3.750 |
High |
|
|
OC6 |
0.781 |
3.810 |
High |
|
Normative
Commitment |
OC7 |
0.886 |
3.720 |
High |
|
|
OC8 |
0.752 |
3.900 |
High |
|
|
OC9 |
0.691 |
4.060 |
High |
|
Overall Average |
3.858 |
High |
||
Source: PLS output results, data
processed (2021)
Based on the Table 5, the highest
average value of each organizational commitment dimension, namely the affective
commitment dimension on OC2 is 3,830 with a statement providing more energy or
effort than normal for the organization to be successful. On the dimension of
continuous commitment of 4,150 in OC4 with a statement that it feels unethical
if you don't come to work when you have a lot of work and let your coworkers do
it. Then the dimension of normative commitment on OC9 is 4,060 with a statement
being able to show loyalty in doing the given task. Judging from the overall
average value on the organizational commitment variable of 3,858 (high
category) it shows that overall millennial employees in the Human Resources
Development Training Unit gave positive responses to statements about
organizational commitment variables.
�
4 Research Variables Organizational
Citizenship Behavior
Table 6
The Average
Value of Organizational Citizenship Behavior
|
Dimension |
Code |
Standard Deviation |
Mean |
Information |
|
Altruism |
OCB1 OCB2 |
0.608 0.726 |
4.480 4.050 |
���� Very High ������ �High |
|
Conscientiousness |
OCB3 OCB4 |
0.740 0.712 |
3.950 3.850 |
� High � High |
|
Sportmanship |
OCB5 OCB6 |
0.692 0.671 |
4.040 4.010 |
������������ High � High |
|
Courtessy |
OCB7 OCB8 |
0.643 0.665 |
4.370 4.280 |
���� Very High ���� Very High |
|
Civic Virtue |
OCB9 OCB10 |
0.721 0.697 |
4.020 4.120 |
High ������������ High |
|
Overall Average |
4.117 |
High |
||
Source: PLS output results, data
processed (2021)
Based on Table
6, the highest average value of each dimension of organizational citizenship
behavior, namely the altruism dimension on OCB1 is 4,480 with statements that
are happy to help coworkers who need help without expecting anything in return.
In the conscientiousness dimension of 3,950 in OCB3 with the statement that it
always increases working time from normal hours even though it is not paid
overtime. The sportsmanship dimension in OCB5 has the same value of 4,040 with
a statement that it is easy to adapt to changes that occur within the
organization. On the courtesy dimension of 4,370 in OCB7 with a statement
always avoiding disputes between coworkers. And the civic virtue dimension on
OCB10 is 4,120 with a statement that active participation will provide benefits
for the organization. Judging from the overall average value of the
organizational citizenship behavior variable of 4.117 (high category), it shows
that overall millennial employees in the Human Resources Development Training
Unit gave positive responses to statements about organizational citizenship
behavior variables.
B.
Discussion
1. Effect of Transformational
Leadership (TL) on Organizational Citizenship Behavior� (OCB)
This study
reveals that there is a positive and significant effect of TL, and OCB. This
finding can be interpreted that with good TL, it will make OCB for millennial
employees of BPSDM Law and Human Rights increase. Through these results, it can
be indicated that the low level of OCB of millennial employees is determined by
transformational leadership. The findings of this study indicate that the
respondents gave positive answers to all dimensions of TL, namely intellectual
stimulation, ideal influence, individual considerations, and inspirational
motivation. The index results from the statement of the intellectual
stimulation dimension, namely superiors who are able to stimulate subordinate
innovation have the highest results compared to other statements.
The results
of this study are in line with previous research by Manoppo (2020) where the research was conducted at
a private hospital in the city of Manado, Indonesia, which stated that
transformational leadership had a significant positive effect on OCB, this was
due to the role of transformational leadership which could provide clear
direction and right on his subordinates so as to produce good OCB to his
subordinates. Then, based on the research results of Manopp (2020) conducted at the Indonesian
Ministry of Education and Culture, there is a positive and significant
influence between transformational leadership on organizational citizenship
behavior, this shows that the better the transformational leadership, the
better OCB will be. This research is also in line with research that conducted
by Lofquist and Matthiesen (2018) in Norway which states a positive
relationship between transformational leadership and OCB. This is also
supported by Kim and Park (2019) who conducted a research in South
Korea. They stated that transformational leadership has a positive and
significant effect on OCB. However, the results of this study are not in line
with the results of research where it is stated that transformational
leadership has no effect on organizational citizenship behavior that the nature
of transformational leadership is not necessarily able to foster organizational
citizenship behavior in employees carried out in Semarang Indonesia (Wiratno, 2019).
The analysis
of the role of transformational leadership in the Human Resources Development
Training and Education Unit that influences the OCB of millennial employees is
related to several characteristics of transformational leadership in the
previous literature. Transformational leadership has the characteristic that
the leader is able to provide a positive influence for his subordinates in
carrying out work such as high self-confidence and motivation which will
certainly make the organization progress and develop well (Thomas & Scott, 2017), 2013; Rai Technology University, 2000). In
addition, transformational leaders are leaders who direct individuals to have a
commitment to encourage better employee competencies so as to create a better
organization (Keegan & Den Hartog, 2004). Transformational leaders must be
able to lead so that subordinates have a sense of pride in their leaders (Bowers, Hall, & Srinivasan, 2017). Transformational leaders take a
subordinate approach that aims to create positive changes in individuals and
social systems in their subordinates (Bukit, Malusa, & Rahmat, 2017). The research findings can be
analyzed as follows. First, the transformational leadership of the Human
Resources Development Training Work Unit has carried out its duties and
responsibilities in being a role model for employees in the Human Resources
Development Training Work Unit, especially among millennials. Second, the
leaders in the Human Resources Development Training and Education Unit have
been thinking strategically. Third, the leader in the Human Resources
Development Training and Education Unit has been oriented to the details of
implementing the duties of millennial employees while looking at the big
picture as a whole. Fourth, leaders in the Human Resources Development Training
and Education Unit have been able to connect the dots using cause-and-effect
logic by leveraging various experiences. The pattern of transformational
leadership in the Human Resources Development Training and Education Unit
ultimately affects OCB among millennial employees.
2. Effect of Quality of Work Life (QWL)
on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)
Research on
millennial employees in the Human Resources Development Training and Education
Unit found that QWL had a positive effect on OCB but was not significant.
Research findings indicate that respondents stated that the dimensions of QWL
such as compensation, career development, communication, employee participation,
work environment and health have been obtained by millennial employees in the
Human Resources Development Training Work Unit. These dimensions encourage
employees to work better. Although everything has been fulfilled, this does not
increase the QWL of millennial employees of the Human Resources Development
Training Unit. The results of this study differ from the results of research (Hamzah et al., 2020) which states that the QWL has a
significant and positive effect on OCB. This difference is because there are
differences in the number of samples of 233 respondents with a population of
managers at PT. Nusantara XIII Plantation. In line with the results of previous
research, Pio and Tampi (2018) state that the quality of work life
has a direct and significant influence on organizational citizenship behavior,
with a total sample of 292 nurses working in hospitals in North Sulawesi. Then,
the results of research from Yadav et al.(2019) that QWL was found to positively
affect OCB. The study population was drawn from employees involving male and
female employees from junior, middle and senior positions of private and public
organizations, mainly from western, northern and central parts of India. And
the number of samples as many as 375 respondents. The data analysis method uses
IBM SPSS 20. QWL has a significant effect on OCB. With a total sample of 150
respondents with a population of employees who work in hospitals in Manado,
Indonesia (Pio & Lengkong, 2020).
Furthermore,
the results of the research on QWL have no effect on OCB. The sample used was
34 respondents, namely employees of PT. Graindo Mediatama Padang with data analysis techniques using
multiple regression analysis using SPSS 21.0. The research location was
conducted at PT. Graindo Mediatama
Padang, Indonesia (Suriyana et al., 2020), this result is the same as the
findings of this study, which is not significant. The findings in this study
differ from the results of previous studies, presumably due to differences in
the number of samples, respondents, and methods of data analysis. In this
study, the samples and respondents taken by the researchers were 100 people who
were millennial Civil Servant employees of the Human Resources Development
Training and Education Unit. And researchers used Smart PLS software to analyze
the data in this study.
Analysis of
QWL that affects the OCB behavior of millennial employees in the Human
Resources Development Training and Education Unit refers to the previous
literature. Employees will work better if they receive compensation such as
satisfactory salaries and benefits (Y. G. Kim et al., 2017); (Uhl-Bien, Piccolo, & Schermerhorn Jr,
2020). Employees who are satisfied in
carrying out their work find a sense of comfort in good social interaction
(communication) with each other in carrying out their duties (Schermerhorn Jr & Bachrach, 2020). Employees will work well if they
have opportunities to develop their skills (Cascio, 1986); (Mullins, 2007). Employees feel that their life at
work is better because they get the opportunity to take part in training (Bernardin & Russell,
2013). The research findings can be
analyzed as follows. First, the Human Resources Development Training and
Education Unit has not provided salary and allowance facilities in accordance
with the expectations of millennial employees. Second, social interaction
(communication) among millennial employees of the Human Resources Development
Training and Education Unit has not been well established. Third, the Human
Resources Development Training Unit has not fully provided opportunities for
millennial employees to attend training. The quality of work life ultimately
affects the OCB of millennial employees in the Human Resources Development
Training Unit.
3. Effect of Transformational
Leadership (TL) on Organizational Commitment (OC)
This study
reveals that there is a positive and significant effect of TL on OC. This
finding can be interpreted that with good TL, it will increase the OC of
millennial employees. The results of this study are in line with previous
research from Baek, Byers, and Vito, (2018) state that transformational
leadership is positively related to organizational commitment, where this study
was conducted in Korea with a population of police officers. Furthermore, the
research results of Khan, Rao, Usman, and Afzal (2017) confirmed that there is a strong
positive correlation between transformational leadership and organizational
commitment. The study was conducted in Pakistan. This research is also in line
with the results of research by (Zulkarnain, 2018) conducted on plantation companies
in Indonesia which states that transformational leadership affects
organizational commitment. Research by Gede (2020) states that transformational
leadership has a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment.
The research was conducted at Hotel Visesa Ubud. Likewise, the results of the research conducted by Utarayana, and Adnyani (2020) where research conducted at the
Denpasar Secretariat stated that it simultaneously had a significant and
partially positive effect on organizational commitment. However, in contrast to
research from Harijanto (2010), transformational leadership has no
effect on organizational commitment. Samples were taken from 70 employees of
PT. Telecommunications Indonesia Witel Semarang. The
analytical method used here is multiple regression analysis which includes
validity test, reliability test, classical assumption test, multiple linear
regression test and hypothesis testing. While in this study, researchers used a
sample of 100 millennial Civil Servant employees of the Human Resource
Development Training and Education Unit using Smart PLS software for data
processing.
Analysis of
the role of TL in influencing millennial employee commitment refers to the
previous literature. Millennial employees will have a commitment if the leader
approaches their subordinates (Bukit et al., 2017). Millennial employees will be more
confident in carrying out their work when leaders motivate their subordinates to
advance the mission and goals of the organization (Rai Technology University, 2000). Millennial
employees will be committed to the organization because they have a sense of
obligation to the organization and lose when they leave the organization (E. Locke, 2011). Millennial employees have a
commitment if they want to stay with the organization (Robbins & Judge, 2013). Millennial employees who have
commitment are usually shown with great hopes and desires so that they can
continue to grow with the organization (Luthans, 2006). The research findings can be
analyzed as follows. First, millennial employees have the desire to have a
career in the Human Resources Development Training Work Unit. Second,
millennial employees feel comfortable working in the Human Resources
Development Training Work Unit. Third, millennial employees have few
opportunities to be able to move to other work units from the Human Resources
Development Training Work Unit. Fourth, millennial employees feel that working
in the Human Resources Development Training Unit is better than other work
units. The pattern of transformational leadership in the Human Resources
Development Training and Education Unit ultimately affects organizational
commitment among millennial employees. Through these findings, the
transformational leadership of the Human Resources Development Training Work
Unit has gone well by carrying out tasks properly such as providing
intellectual stimulation, ideal influence, individual considerations and
inspirational motivation so as to increase the organizational commitment of
millennial employees of the Human Resources Development Training Work Unit.
4. Effect of Quality of Work Life (QWL)
on Organizational Commitment (OC)
This study
states that QWL has a positive and significant effect on OC. From these
findings, it means that good QWL for millennial employees of the Human Resources
Development Training and Education Unit will increase the OC of millennial
employees. In line with previous research by Zulkarnain (2018) which states that the quality of
work life affects organizational commitment, the research was conducted on
companies engaged in plantations in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The results of
this study are the same as those of Hamzah et al. (2020) that the quality of work life has a
significant and positive influence on organizational commitment, where the
research was conducted at PT. Nusantara XIII Plantation, Indonesia.
Furthermore, the results of research from Ramadhoan (2015) stated that there was a direct
positive influence on QWL on organizational commitment. The research was
conducted at PT. BRI, Tbk East Java Province. Then
according to research by Mataram and Handriyono (2018), the
quality of work life has a significant and positive effect on organizational
commitment. The research was conducted at the official Honda motorcycle repair
shop, Sumbersari sub-district, Jember
district.
Analysis of
the effect of QWL on OC refers to the previous literature. Employees will work
better if they receive compensation such as satisfactory salaries and benefits (Ogbuabor & Okoronkwo, 2019); (Schermerhorn Jr, Osborn, Uhl-Bien, &
Hunt, 2011). Employees feel enthusiastic about
carrying out their work because they are supported by working conditions and a
comfortable work environment (Cascio, 1986); (Menken, 2012). Employees will certainly feel
meaningful when the organization provides training to improve the quality and
quality of employees (Mullins, 2007). Improving the quality of life of
employees is important where organizations must be able to create a sense of
pride, security, equality between employees and flexibility, thus as to create
a quality work life for employees (Srivastava & Kanpur, 2014). Working environment conditions
affect the commitment of millennial employees because they have a sense of
obligation to the organization and lose when they leave the organization (Locke & Latham, 1990). Working environment conditions
affect the commitment of millennial employees because employees want to stay
with the organization (Robbins & Judge, 2013). The conditions of the work
environment affect the expectations and desires of millennial employees so that
they can continue to develop with the organization (Luthans, 2011). The research findings can be
analyzed as follows. First, millennial employees can provide input for the
progress of the organization. Second, millennial employees get facilities to
support their work. Third, millennial employees feel comfortable working in the
Human Resources Development Training Work Unit. Fourth, the work space in the
Human Resources Development Training and Education Unit supports the
convenience of millennial employees in carrying out their duties. The quality
of work life affects the organizational commitment of millennial employees in
the Human Resources Development and Training Work Unit. Based on the results of
research on the QWL in the Human Resources Development Training and Education
Unit. Humans have been given well through the provision of compensation, career
development, communication, inviting employee participation, a comfortable work
environment and health facilities so that it has an impact on increasing the
organizational commitment of millennial employees of the Human Resources Development
Training Unit.
5. Allegedly Organizational Commitment
(OC) affects Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)
These
results show that the relationship between OC and OCB is positive and
significant. Which means that millennial employees of the Human Resources
Development Training Unit with good OC will increase the OCB of millennial
employees. The findings of this study indicate that respondents gave positive
answers to all dimensions of OC, namely affective commitment, continuance
commitment and normative commitment. Based on the index results from the
statement of affective commitment dimensions, employees feel happy to spend the
rest of their careers in the organization having the highest results compared
to other statements. Through these results, the high OC of millennial employees
in the Human Resources Development Training Unit has made the OCB of millennial
employees increase.
In line with
the results of previous studies, Obedgiu, Bagire, & Mafabi (2017) stated that there was a significant
positive relationship between organizational commitment and organizational
citizenship behavior, where this study was conducted in Uganda. Furthermore, Paul et al. (2016) stated that
organizational commitment has a positive and significant relationship with OCB.
The research was conducted on the manufacturing industry of Uttarakhand and
Himachal Pradesh in India. The results of this study are also in line with (Fitrio, Apriansyah, Utami, &
Yaspita, 2019) in which research was conducted at
the Economics College of Indragiri Rengat by stating
that organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on OCB.
Then, according to the research results of (Putra & Riana, 2020) that organizational commitment
significantly influences organizational citizenship behavior, where the
research was conducted at Kuta Seaview Boutique Resort Bali. Furthermore,
according to Elmi et al. (2020) states that organizational
commitment has a significant effect on civic organizational behavior. The
research was conducted at the Directorate of Elementary School Development of
the Ministry of Education and Culture in Indonesia. However, it is different
from the results of research by (Harwiki, 2016) that organizational commitment has
no significant effect on OCB, where the research was conducted on women's
cooperatives in East Java with a sample of 40 respondents. While in this study,
researchers used a sample of 100 millennial employees of the Human Resources Development
Training Work Unit.
Analysis of the effect of OC on OCB refers to the
previous literature. Employees who have close attachments to the organization
who wish to remain in their work and are afraid of losing and want to remain
with the organization (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011; (E. Locke, 2011); (Robbins & Judge, 2013). An individual's
intellectual bond with his organization including work participation,
obedience, and belief in the quality of the institution is understood as
organizational commitment (Mullins, 2007). Employees have a
desire to be able to develop in increasing their abilities in order to improve
the quality of high-value organizations (Luthans, 2011).
The research findings can be analyzed as follows. First, the commitment of
millennial employees to encourage them to actively participate in providing
good performance for the Human Resources Development Training Work Unit.
Second, the commitment of millennial employees to encourage them to adapt to
changes that occur in the Human Resources Development Training Work Unit.
Third, the commitment of millennial employees to encourage them to comply with
the rules and policies in the Human Resources Development Training Work Unit.
Fourth, the commitment of millennial employees to encourage them to help their
co-workers voluntarily in the Human Resources Development Training Work Unit.
All aspects of TL, QWL, and OC ultimately affect OCB in the Human Resources
Development Training Unit.

Figure�
5. OCB Millennial Employees Behaviour in Human
Resources Development Agency
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the analysis
and discussion in the previous chapter with the data analysis method using
Smart PLS 3.0 software about the effect of TL, QWL on OCB with OC mediation as
well as testing that has been done can be concluded as follows. Research
respondent data originating from millennial employees in the Human Resources Development
Training and Education Unit shows that the indicators of responsibility and
employee loyalty contained in OC variable and voluntary indicators that are not
obligations on QWL variable are not reflected on respondents' answers. OCB
behavior of millennial employees in the Human Resources Development Training
Unit is influenced by TL but not influenced by QWL, and OC mediates the effect
of TL and QWL on OCB of millennial employees of the Human Resources Development
Training and Education Unit. This is because the leadership of the Human
Resources Development Training and Education Unit carries out intellectual
stimulation, ideal influence, individual considerations and inspirational
motivation. Moreover, millennial employees have affective commitment, ongoing
commitment, and great normative commitment to the organization but the Human
Resources Development Training Unit has not been able to optimally encourage
voluntary employees to do something that is not an employee's obligation.
Alvara. (2020). Indonesia Gen Z Anda Milennial Report
2020: The Battle Of Our Generation.
Anggraeni, L. S., Basalamah, M. R., & Farida, E. (2021).
Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Transformasional, Budaya Organisasi, Perilaku Organisasi
Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan (Pada PT. Inkor Bola Pacific Pasuruan). Jurnal
Ilmiah Riset Manajemen, 10(05). Google Scholar
Arifin, A. L., & Pranogyo, A. B. (2021). Membangun Sdm
Cendekia Menuju Organisasi Unggul. Media Bina Ilmiah, 15(8),
4949�4958. Google Scholar
Baek, H., Byers, E. H., & Vito, G. F. (2018).
Transformational leadership and organizational commitment in Korean police
station: Test of second-order MLQ-6 S and OCQ. International Journal of
Police Science & Management, 20(2), 155�170. Google Scholar
Bowers, M. R., Hall, J. R., & Srinivasan, M. M. (2017).
Organizational culture and leadership style: The missing combination for
selecting the right leader for effective crisis management. Business
Horizons, 60(4), 551�563. Scopus
Bukit, B., Malusa, T., & Rahmat, A. (2017). Pengembangan
Sumber Daya Manusia. Teori, Dimensi Pengukuran,. file. C:/Users/Smile/Downloads/Manajemen
Sumber Daya Manusia (PDFDrive. Com). Google Scholar
Cascio, W. F. (1986). Managing human resources:
Productivity, quality of work life, profits. Google Scholar
Ferdinand, A. (2014). Metode Penelitian Manajemen: Pedoman
Penelitian untuk Penulisan Skripsi Tesis dan Desrtasi Ilmu Manajemen. Google Scholar
Fitrio, T., Apriansyah, R., Utami, S., & Yaspita, H.
(2019). The effect of job satisfaction to organizational citizenship behavior
(OCB) mediated by organizational commitment. International Journal of
Scientific Research and Management, 7(09), 1300�1310. Google Scholar
Hamzah, H., Hubeis, M., & Hendri, I. (2020). The Effect
of Career Development, Justice Organization and Quality of Work Life to Organizational
Commitment and Implications to Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Employees
at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XIII. International Review of Management and
Marketing, 10(3), 101. Google Scholar
Handitya, B. (2019). Menyemai Nilai Pancasila Pada Generasi
Muda Cendekia. ADIL Indonesia Journal, 1(2). Google Scholar
Harijanto, S. (2010). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Gaya
Kepemimpinan, dan Kepuasan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Kepala Sekolah Menengah Atas
di Jakarta Timur. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 1(1), 80�91. Google Scholar
Harwiki, W. (2016). The impact of servant leadership on
organization culture, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship
behaviour (OCB) and employee performance in women cooperatives. Procedia-Social
and Behavioral Sciences, 219, 283�290. Scopus
Hendrawan, A., & Sucahyawati, H. (2017). Organizational
Citizenship Behavior (OCB) pada karyawan akademi maritim nusantara. Prosiding
Seminar Nasional & Internasional, 1(1). Google Scholar
Jackson, S. E., Ones, D. S., & Dilchert, S. (2018). Managing
human resources for environmental sustainability. John Wiley & Sons. Google Scholar
Keegan, A. E., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2004).
Transformational leadership in a project-based environment: a comparative study
of the leadership styles of project managers and line managers. International
Journal of Project Management, 22(8), 609�617. Scopus
Khan, R. S., Rao, B., Usman, K., & Afzal, S. (2017). The
mediating role of job satisfaction between transformational leadership and
organizational commitment within the SMEs of Karachi. Google Scholar
Kim, E.-J., & Park, S. (2019). The role of
transformational leadership in citizenship behavior: Organizational learning
and interpersonal trust as mediators. International Journal of Manpower.
Google Scholar
Kim, Y. G., Baltabekova, A. Z., Zhiyenbay, E. E.,
Aksambayeva, A. S., Shagyrova, Z. S., Khannanov, R., � Shustov, A. V. (2017).
Recombinant Vaccinia virus-coded interferon inhibitor B18R: Expression,
refolding and a use in a mammalian expression system with a RNA-vector. PLoS
One, 12(12), e0189308. Google Scholar
Kusumajati, D. A. (2014). Organizational citizenship behavior
(OCB) karyawan pada perusahaan. Humaniora, 5(1), 62�70. Google Scholar
Locke, E. (2011). Handbook of principles of organizational
behavior: Indispensable knowledge for evidence-based management. John Wiley
& Sons. Google Scholar
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). Work motivation and
satisfaction: Light at the end of the tunnel. Psychological Science, 1(4),
240�246. Google Scholar
Lofquist, E. A., & Matthiesen, S. B. (2018). Viking
leadership: How Norwegian transformational leadership style effects creativity
and change through organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). International
Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 18(3), 309�325. Google Scholar
Lubis Zulkarnain, W. U. Z. (2018). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan
Transformasional Dan Kualitas Kehidupan Kerja Terhadap Komitmen Organisasi. Jurnal
Penelitian Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 3(1). Retrieved from
http://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/JPBK/article/view/3198/2438
Luthans, F. (2006). Perilaku organisasi. Google Scholar
Luthans, F. (2011). Organızatıonal Behavıor:
An Evidence-Based Approach. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Google Scholar
Manoppo, V. P. (2020). Transformational leadership as a
factor that decreases turnover intention: a mediation of work stress and
organizational citizenship behavior. The TQM Journal. Google Scholar
Menken, I. (2012). Organizational behavior and leadership
management essentials. Emereo Publishing. Google Scholar
Mullins, L. J. (2007). Management and organisational
behaviour. Pearson education. Google Scholar
Nugraha, I. P. S., & Adnyani, I. G. A. D. (2017). budaya
organisasi, komitmen organaisasi, dan kompetensi terhadap organizational
citizenship behaviour pada setda kota denpasar. E-Jurnal Manajemen, 7(1),
1�28. Google Scholar
Nurjanah, S., Pebianti, V., & Handaru, A. W. (2020). The
influence of transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and organizational
commitments on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in the inspectorate
general of the Ministry of Education and Culture. Cogent Business &
Management, 7(1), 1793521. Google Scholar
Obedgiu, V., Bagire, V., & Mafabi, S. (2017). Examination
of organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour among
local government civil servants in Uganda. Journal of Management Development.
Google Scholar
Ong, J. O., & Mahazan, M. (2020). Strategi pengelolaan
sdm dalam peningkatan kinerja perusahaan berkelanjutan di era industri 4.0. Business
Economic, Communication, and Social Sciences (BECOSS) Journal, 2(1),
159�168. Google Scholar
Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B.
(2005). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and
consequences. Sage Publications. Google Scholar
Pio, R. J., & Lengkong, F. D. J. (2020). The relationship
between spiritual leadership to quality of work life and ethical behavior and
its implication to increasing the organizational citizenship behavior. Journal
of Management Development. Google Scholar
Pio, R. J., & Tampi, J. R. E. (2018). The influence of
spiritual leadership on quality of work life, job satisfaction and
organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Law and
Management. Google Scholar
Pratama Vini Wiratno, L. A. P. (2019). The Effect Of
Transformational Leadership On Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)
Through Organizational Commitment And Trust In Leaders As Mediation. Management
Analysis Journal, 8(4), 434�443.
Putra, A., & Riana, I. G. (2020). The Role of
Organizational Commitment Mediate The Effect of Job Satisfaction On
Organizational Citizenship Behavior. American Journal of Humanities and
Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR), 4(3), 371�378.
Rahma, A. (2020). BPS : Kualitas SDM Indonesia Semakin
Meningkat. Retrieved September 1, 2021, from
https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/4180915/bps-kualitas-sdm-indonesia-
semakin-meningka.
Ramadhoan, R. (2015). Kualitas Kehidupan Kerja terhadap
Kinerja Karyawan melalui Komitmen Organisasi dan Kepuasan Kerja sebagai
Variabel antara (Intervening Variable). JEPE: Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan,
13(2), 199�217. Google Scholar
Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2013). Organizational
Behavior, 15th. Shahrivar, 13, 1393. Google Scholar
Schermerhorn Jr, J. R., & Bachrach, D. G. (2020). Exploring
management. John Wiley & Sons. Google Scholar
Schermerhorn Jr, J. R., Osborn, R. N., Uhl-Bien, M., &
Hunt, J. G. (2011). Organizational behavior. john wiley & sons. Google Scholar
Srivastava, S., & Kanpur, R. (2014). A study on quality
of work life: key elements & It�s Implications. IOSR Journal of Business
and Management, 16(3), 54�59. Google Scholar
Sudewa I Gede, A. A. G. A. R. (2020). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan
Transformasional, Budaya Organisasi Dan Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Komitmen
Organisasional Pada Hotel Visesa Ubud. E-Jurnal Manajemen, 9(8),
3145�3168.
Supriadi, Y. N., Ahman, E., Wibowo, L. A., & Furqon, C.
(2019). Organizational citizenship behavior model for turnover intention
management. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(2),
340�347. Google Scholar
Suriyana, N., Wijaya, R. A., & Kumbara, V. B. (2020). Pengaruh
Tingkat Quality Of Work Life (QWL), Dan Knowledge Management Terhadap
Organizing Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Dengan Kepuasan Kerja Sebagai Variabel
Intervening Pada Pt. Graindo Mediatama. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Dan Ilmu
Sosial, 1(2), 548�559. Google Scholar
Thomas, B. S., & Scott, S. A. (2017). Management:
Leading & collaborating in the competitive world. New York:
McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar
Uhl-Bien, M., Piccolo, R. F., & Schermerhorn Jr, J. R.
(2020). Organizational behavior. John Wiley & Sons. Google Scholar
Ulrich, D. (1998). A new mandate for human resources. Harvard
Business Review, 76, 124�135. Google Scholar
Utarayana, I. G., & Adnyani, I. G. A. D. (2020). Pengaruh
Budaya Organisasi, Motivasi Kerja, Dan Kepemimpinan Transformasional Terhadap
Komitmen Organisasional. E-Jurnal Manajemen, 9(1).
Yadav, M., Rangnekar, S., & Srivastava, A. P. (2019).
Demographic variables as moderators between QWL and OCB. Industrial and
Commercial Training. Google Scholar