Journal of Social Science

Menoedjoe Repoeblik Bangsawan Dalam Pusaran Kemerdekaan : The role of K.G.P.A.A. Paku Alam VIII & Sri Sultan HB IX in defending Indonesia's Independence (1945-1949)

Samudra Eka Cipta¹

Program Sarjana Departemen Pendidikan Sejarah, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia [email protected]

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Received date : 20 April 2020 Revised date : 10 May 2020 Accepted date : 17 May 2020 Keywords: Jogjakarta History Revolutions Indonesia.

This study examines the role of a Javanese nobleman and hero from among the royal palaces in an effort to defend Indonesia's independence during the Indonesian revolution of independence. K.G.P.A.A. Paku Alam VIII, then, a representative of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta under Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX together to make Yogyakarta as the territory of the Provisional Government of the Republic when Jakarta was successfully ruled by the Dutch allies. Both figures were also involved in the 1 March 1949 general attack event along with General Sudirman and Suharto in the face of Dutch milier aggression in Yogyakarta. In this study will discuss more specifics on the role of both figures in relation to the Independence Revolution period during the period of 1945-1949.

INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is one of the many maritime countries in the world (Simarmata, 2017). The independence period or the Indonesian Revolution of Independence (1945-1949) has raised euphoria of the spirit of independence in various regions in Indonesia. There is no exception to the Jogjakarta Hadiningrat Sultanate area that also felt the impact of the spirit of maintaining Indonesian independence. However, not all of that time especially the nobles who agreed with what the Republicans were doing in defending Indonesia's independence. Because most of the nobility refused

* Samudra Eka Cipta

E-mail address: [email protected]

Article with open access under license

to make Indonesia as an absolute independent country so that if the territory of Indonesia will be free by the de facto, it can eliminate the position or influence of the nobles who during the Dutch colonial occupation period the nobles felt that he had been ' ' Dicuupi ' ' in the sense that the colonial period benefited both socially education to political status. Unlike the Sultanate of Jogjakarta Hadiningrat Sri Sultan HB IX and K.G.P.A. A Paku Alam VIII has a different perspective about ' ' Republic of Indonesia ' '. Sultan and Paku Alam VIII strongly support the formation of Indonesian territory. If it returns to the results of the Renville agreement which the content of the Treaty is Dutch only recognizes the area of Jogjakarta as the territory

of the Republic of Indonesia. It is that the motif of

the Sultanate of Jogjakarta is very supportive even ready to make Jogjakarta the capital of the temporary city during the Dutch military aggression. Paku Alam VIII was assigned to form a provisional government in Jogjakarta and provide entrance for the fighters especially from the III Siliwangi division and also some fighters who will be going to Jogjakarta. Duke Pakualaman VIII even provided financial assistance for the fighters. The Duke of Paku Alam VIII was involved in military formation in Jogjakartandalam against the Allies. When the events of the general offensive of 1 March 1949 Sri Sultan HB IX and the Duke of Paku Alam VIII together with Suharto, Nasution, Sudirman also participated in the face of the Netherlands when he wanted to rule the Jogjakarta region. On the other hand, the Duke of Paku Alam VIII was very beloved by his people because the figure of a nobleman who participated in the struggle of the people in defending Indonesia's independence is reluctant to struggle even very supportive of Dutch action.

The leadership of the Duke of Paku Alam VIII and Sri Sultan HB IX is known by the Jogjakarta community as ' ' Loro-loroning atunggal "or Dwi Tunggal's leadership with Sri Sultan HB IX in the Sultanate of Jogjakarta. It is like the Sukarno-Hatta relationship in the context of national leadership. The relationship between KGPAA Paku Alam VIII and Sri Sultan HB IX generates a consensus or political agreement to be delivered both in determining the direction of the Sultanate of Jogjakarta whether it is still in the form of the State under the auspices of the Netherlands or loyal and to dedefine support for the government of Indonesia. Until the Sultanate of Jogjakarta was finally on 19 August 1945 Sri Sultan HB IX and KGPAA Paku Alam VIII They agreed to submit to the Republican Party. The statement certainly surprised the public at the time because the Sultan and the Duke of Paku Alam VIII were not only in a statement but already through the actions that the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia (Pour, 1997). Then the political policy step taken by both figures is referred to as "condition sine qua non" which is the situation of the condition that resulted in the inevitable, especially in determining the direction of the wind to

remain in favour of the power of the "status quo" government or for the benefit of the benefits of the nation and the greater country. If it returns to the proclamation of 17 August 1945 which is a momentum for the kings and nobles as if it was to give the last option for the nobles to determine the direction of the kingdom. The fact that there was not all the nobles in Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, and Ternate to Party to the Republic. For example Surakarta Sultanate was initially reluctant to recognize the territory of the Republic. However, the current attitude of Surakarta eventually supported the Republic after Sri HB IX and Sukarno had always done political reports or negotiations so that Surakarta would and submit to the Republic. Unlike the Sultanate of Deli Serdang which was completely reluctant to submit to the Republicans, causing an extraordinary anger for the people of East Sumatra to cause a battle known as ' ' Medan Area ' ' because it is considered the king of Deli very pro against the NICA when he would do military aggression in his territory. That is why then the position of government and Sultanate in Indonesia seemed to be squeezed by two powers between NICA and the Indonesian Republic. Thus the attitude of the Sultanate of Jogjakarta became learning for other kingdoms in determining the fate of the kingdom. Only less than 2 x 24 hours or two days later Jogja immediately shows its attitude.

THEORY

A. Political Culture

Political culture is a system of values and beliefs that are shared by the community. However, every element of society has a different political culture, such as between the general public and its elites. As in Indonesia, according to Benedict R. O'G Anderson (Kantaprawira, 1983) Indonesian culture tends to divide sharply between the elite and the masses.

Almond and Verba (Budiardjo, 2003) define political culture as an orientation which is typical of citizens towards the political system and its various parts, and attitudes towards the role of citizens in the system. In other words, how is the distribution of special orientation patterns

towards political goals among the nation's people. They further state that citizens always identify themselves with symbols and state institutions based on the orientation they have. With that orientation they also assess and question their place and role in the political system.

B. History

The use of historical concepts is done to review data and facts based on a particular periodization. Data and facts found through various documents or archives that correspond to the soul of his day. These documents must of course be authentic or the parts deemed authentic so that they have the validity value in a source found. Considering historical research relies heavily on data and facts in order to be described in the form of historical narrative. Furthermore, how much of a trustworthy authentic part is trusted, and to what extent? Only that is what can be obtained from the documents found or not (Gottschalk, 1975).

METHOD

1. Data Processing

The Data is processed based on the library study by using a variety of sources of literacy that support in this study. Resources used in books, journals, and some Internet resources can be held accountable. Using a quality Debitor that means this study was written based on a descriptive depiction of the source obtained. It also uses historical methodology as a research development.

2. Data Analysis

It uses the approach of historical writing methods that begin with heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Heuristics is an activity related to the search process and the collection of historical sources. Heuristic actually comes from the Greek heuriscain which means collecting (Ismaun, 2016). Historical criticism is a form of examination of sources and information relating to history. Criticism is needed as a form of examination of resources and information. Criticism is divided into two such as internal criticism and external criticism. Interpretation

comes from the English language "Interpretation" which means a commentary. While historiography is the last stage in the research of the immediately. Historiography has a historical writing, meaning that history can be written when it meets the requirements (Sjamsuddin, 2012)

DISCUSSION

A. The condition of Jogja the early days of independence

News about the proclamation of Indonesian independence has reached Yogyakarta daily ' ' sunlight ' ' immediately conveyed the proclamation to the people of Jogjakarta. Initially Paku Alam VIII and KRT Honggowongso were called to face the Sultan to discuss the fate of the Sultanate of Jogjakarta in the future. Paku Alam VIII then agreed and expressed the support of Indonesia's independence and in person Paku Alam VIII had long wanted the ideals to form Indonesia's independence. KRT Honggowongso immediately sent a message to Sukarno in Jakarta to convey the message of Sultan and KGPAA Paku Alam VIII containing congratulation of the early formation of the Republic of Indonesia which was recently built. Later, Sultan and KGPAA Paku Alam VIII soon gathered Jogjakarta communities in the South Square of Yogyakarta and attended by young men and communities as well as people of Jogjakarta descent. Sultan then spoke in front of the masses and urged that the people would follow and participate actively in the efforts to the establishment of Indonesian independence that started from Jogjakarta. The speech then received positive support and feedback from the Jogjakarta community with proven volunteerness in fighting together with the Sultan and KGPAA Paku Alam VIII in collecting the power of the army in shaping the power of the military so spontaneously formed the civilian military and pointed out KGPAA Paku Alam VIII became commander of the civilian military to confront the Allies (Purwanto, 2018. p. 474).

Suddenly the 25th of October 1945 at

08.15 a.m. The British bomber carried out the

bombing and attacked the city of Yogyakarta building RRI Yogyakarta and Sono Budoyo Museum affected by the British bombing. RRI Yogyakarta Building is one of the radio stations belonging to the Government of Republic of Indonesia that always propagdoubled the spirit of Indonesian independence through Radio. Moreover, there are two radio broadcasters namely Soetomo and Tardjo always invite young people in Indonesia also in Yogyakarta, especially for shoulder in the face of attacks conducted by the British. Soetomo was a figure of struggle from East Java and the founder of event 10 November 1945 in Surabaya. However, Tardjo is the commandant of BPRI Mataram (a warriors of the people struggle from Jogjakarta) and is highly respected by people. Tardjo during the Japanese occupation once attacked Osha Butai Kotabaru's headquarters to successfully retrieve Japanese weaponry.

Apparently, the Allies still continue to attack the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. The Allies continue to circling Yogyakarta and bring down the pamphlet leaflet which contains the threat of the rebombings of RRI Yogyakarta Building and Sono Budoyo Museum. RRI does not stay silent and continues to struggle through the broadcasters carried out with the speeches of Tardjo and continues to play songs of Struggle so as to make the Allies become furious and perform follow-up attacks at 13.30 Noon and cause damage to the radio broadcasting tools. KGPAA Paku Alam VIII then offers solutions for the remainder of RRI's belongings to be secured and repaired at Puri Paku Alaman. Paku Alam VIII then also contacted contacts to several journalists from elsewhere to be given a replacement tool from a broken broadcast. Some other tools are then stored at Ngadinegaran for Keperluann special broadcasts abroad (Tjondronegoro, 1979).

B. Establishment of the Regional National Committee in Yogyakarta

A few days after Indonesia's independence Sukarno immediately took a stance for the

establishment of the Indonesian National Committee (KNI). Then two days after the formation of KNI Paku Alam VIII and Sri Sultan HB IX immediately formed the KNID for the Yogyakarta region and made KNID as a representative body of the people. The formation of KNID also held important figures such as Ki Hajar Dewantara, Purwokusumo, and other noble elites the formation of KNID was also made an important momentum in the early history of Indonesian independence due to the support from Jogjakarta can become the initial capital of the government of Indonesia in preparing the political power support. KNID position Yogyakarta Special region does not replace the position of Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX and Paku Alam VIII, but as a supporter of government implementation with the spirit and soul struggle to defend the independence of Indonesia that has just been proclaimed. Therefore, the position of KNID Special region of Yogyakarta in the organization or structure of government parallel with Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX and Paku Alam VIII. The importance of KNID in the special region of Yogyakarta is the rearrangement of government in Yogyakarta special region to align with the Constitution 1945 (Oktavianti, 2019.

p. 139).

However, on 18 May 1946 it was issued by information No. 18 governing Legeslatif and executive power. This information is the realization of the trial decision of KNI area Yogyakarta on 24 April 1946. After agreeing to the information plan, KNID dissolved and was replaced by the Regional Council which was established based on the information plan. In the first session, DPR DIY legalized information plan No 18 that was previously approved in the trial of KNI Yogyakarta area. In this information officially the name of Yogyakarta special region is used marking the two monarchs of Sultanate and Pakualaman in a special region. Special regional administration is also supported by the central government because of the services provided by Jogja to the Republic of Indonesia,

especially on the support and appreciation of the Government of Indonesia (Darban, 1998).

C. Jogja in the battle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Allies

The Allies were severely harmed by the contents of the agreements made by both parties both the Republic of Indonesia and the allied parties. On the other hand, not all the contents of the agreement harm the Indonesian side because when the Allies only acknowledge Jogjakarta as part of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia seems to be a boomerang for the Allies. It is in accordance with the decree of the Roem-Royen agreement which then the entire Dutch armed forces pulled from Yogyakarta and Yogyakarta region returned to the Republic. Therefore, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia took over the territory of Yogyakarta and was shown Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX also with KGPAA Paku Alam VIII was appointed military governor of Yogyakarta region. The Indonesian government's designation of Military governor aims to develop a political and military map by securing the entire territory of Jogjkarta Sultanate with the Indonesian Government to prepare for the next Dutch attack. The return of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia to Yogyakarta also the end of the emergency administration in Bukit Tunggi under the leadership of Syafruddin Prawiranegara. Syafruddin Prawiranegara and also 11 other members to Yogyakarta and gave the report to Sri Sultan HB IX and KGPAA Paku Alam VIII on the activities of Sukarno-Hatta during the period of detention in Sumatera (Agung & Agung, 1983).

However, the act of Republican officials made the Allies aware that Jogjakarta's role in maintaining Indonesia's independence is crucial until the allies are trying to reconquer Jogjakarta and try to incite Sultan HB IX as well as the Duke of Paku Alam VIII in the efforts of Colonialisma and imperialism in Jogjakarta. The negotiations between the Allies and Sri sultans were then carried out but later rejected by the Sultan and Paku Alam VIII They were then consistent with

the formation of the Republic of Indonesia in Yogyakarta. Even the Dutch then offered to Sultan HB IX and Paku Alam VIII to serve as the king of Java and Madura and gave the land to the Sultanate of Jogjakarta (Kustiniyati. 1982) in (Dwiyanto, 2009). The attitude of Sultan HB IX and Paku Alam VIII is also described as a figure who is ready to take all the risks including giving funds to Indonesian independence fighters because at the time of Indonesia's early financial condition Merdeka experienced a very high inflation, forcing Sultan HB IX and Paku Alam VIII to raise funds for Indonesian independence (Tjokropranolo, 1992). The Dutch then attacked by taking over Maguwo airfield. The actions performed by the Allies were carried out suddenly so that many people who fled to the hinterland included KRT Honggowongso which was ordered by Sultan HB IX to the Gunung Kidul region. However, the people also fled to the Kraton neighborhood to request refuge to the Sultan. Paku Alam VIII was assigned to pacify the people who were very frightened because the Allies were almost at the entrance to the palace. General Meijer and a Dutch captain were asked by the front guards to meet Sri Sultan as well Paku Alam VIII but the request was again denied before the effort of the meeting was also rejected by Sultan HB IX. Paku Alam VIII was then ordered to have a curfew at the Sultanate of Jogjakarta. However, there were interesting rejection the Dutch captains to meet the two figures. Both figures asked the Allies not to attack Keraton Jogjakarta and the request seemed to be '’ Diiyakan '' by the Allies on the other side when the Allies were about to meet the Sultan and Paku Alam was instead rejected. It is evidenced by the authority of the two figures not only among ordinary people but also the authority impacting the Allies at that time. Sultan HB IX and Paku Alam VIII were the personages who practiced the general Senrangan March 1, 1949. The attack was intended for the Dutch propaganda overturns that the RI would disappear at the UN DK Council in March 1949 also to restore the people's belief in the noble figure of the Republicans (Moedjianto, 2014).

The attack was on 1 March 1949 in the morning, began a massive attack with the main focus is the capital of Indonesia at that time, Yogyakarta. In addition, attacks were also carried out in several other cities such as Solo, and Magelang in order to impede the assistance of Dutch soldiers. The command center was placed in the village of Muto in Yogyakarta. At that time, General Sudirman requested to Sri Sultan HB IX and also KGPAA Paku Alam VIII to cooperate with Suharto to assist the work of the course in Yogyakarta. Suharto then served as lieutenant colonel and was immediately ordered to become a combat commander. The city of Yogyakarta was then captured again only in 6 hours and the news of this victory was immediately disseminated by relay via Radio PC1 (Radio owned by TNI) in Playen, Gunungkidul, then forwarded to the transmitter in Bukit Tinggi, then continued by the military transmitters in Myanmar to New Delhi (India) and then to the convening UN in Washington D. C, United States.

D. The movement of the division III Siliwangi team was greeted by Sri Sultan HB IX and KGPAA Paku Alam VIII

The moving events of the division III of Siliwangi team from West Java area were backed by the Dutch mastery over the West Java region after the fighters failed to fight the West Java area. The area of West Java was successfully ruled by Van Mook and formed a demarcation territory (an area where Republican and NICA troops met face-to-face with ceasefire). A.H. Nasution (then the commander of the military Command Division III Siliwangi) then held a meeting with the other officers to discuss the plan for the implementation of the movement to Yogyakarta, which was then the Republic territory. The implementation of the Hijra division III Siliwangi Team on 1 February 1948 and transported by train is controlled by elements of the NICA forces and the battalion INF V-KNIL (the unity of the KNIL Military Corps which is the majority of the Indo-Dutch soldiers and Indonesians who defected to the Netherlands). They traveled to Yogyakarta. The fighters called the INF V-KNIL

Battalion troops with the designation '' Nica dog '' is an exoration or instion against the anti- Republican Indonesians (Effendi, 2008). Quoting (Kahin, 2013) in a book titled Nationalism and the Indonesian revolution said, indeed at that time not all Indonesians support from the establishment because given the Indonesian social and economic political conditions are still volatile and look at the eyes of the formation of Indonesia. The Perman, the humanitarian disaster, until the famine made the Indonesian pro against the Dutch in the end defected.

The division III Siliwangi troops were also transported by sea liner delivered to Rembang and using Dutch trucks delivered to Gombong. When it came to the Republic of Indonesia the arrival of the division III troops were welcomed by the community in Rembang and Gombong with the "independence" was also welcomed by the Commander of Division V/Ronggolawe Major GPH Jatikusumo to be delivered to Yogyakarta. Upon arrival in Yogyakarta, they were picked up and welcomed by the Jogjakarta people as well

K.G.P.A. A Paku Alam as deputy military governor to deliver soldiers from Tugu train station to the TNI headquarters in Yogyakarta. But the period of immigration in the history of military history of TNI especially division III Siliwangi known difficult times because they must leave West Java also left Anak-istri to save the territory of the Republic of Indonesia during the revolution.

CONCLUSION

The role of KGPAA Paku Alam VIII and Sri Sultan HB IX has affected the history of Indonesia's struggle to defend Indonesia's independence (1945- 1949). Long before the independence of Indonesia, the Sultanate of Jogjakarta had begun to cultivate the seeds of struggle before the leadership of both nobles. How to think KGPAA Paku Alam VIII and Sri Sultan HB IX actually have a visionary idea of the fate of his territory. Although at that time the area of Jogjakarta was hit by the problem of the issue both physically and socially but the contribution of Jogjakarta to the national history of Indonesia can be

felt today by the grant of rights as a special region which Sultan and Paku Alam still continue to lead Jogjakarta with the status of Governor and Deputy governor.

Unlike other areas of the former kingdom where the Kings were not made regional leaders considering its historical thus making a political consequence in the early years of the reign of the Republic of Indonesia. But on the other side Jogjakarta remains one of the territory of the former kingdom that remains left cultural heritage for the development of the Sultan of Jogjakarta and Paku Alam remains a king and patih despite his status is already governor and deputy governor.

This writing is still very far from perfect from the use of references and grammar then apologies as it is still continually redeveloped. Criticism and input are crucial for writers in the future.

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