INTRODUCTION
War has
existed since ancient times and is still ongoing today. This has become part of
human culture. History has recorded that there have been many incidents of war
that occurred during the history of mankind. War is interpreted as a conflict
between groups, between regions, or even between worlds. Some fight for
economic reasons, political reasons, even religious reasons. War is an act of
physical violence between two parties to fight for something, for example the
territory of a country, domination of something, political power and so on. War
is an activity carried out physically and non-physically against an enemy who
always uses violent means between two or more groups of people to control a
disputed area.
There is no
real gain from winning the war, what is certain to happen is innumerable
material losses, not to mention the number of lives that were sacrificed to win
the war. However, war is known to have a purpose, namely prestige (pride),
antipathy (antipathy) which is a very striking difference in identity,
universal dignity, namely war caused by violations of universal standards of
state sovereignty, particular dignity. Such as the occurrence of historical
trauma in Israel (Lindemann, 2010).
When viewed
from several wars that have occurred, there are some countries that mobilize
their people to be involved in supporting wars, but there are also countries
that carry out wars only by their military, the people are not directly
involved in taking up arms.
The war,
which is supported by the people, will have a very significant impact in
increasing strength and increasing the morale of other soldiers to carry out
the war. The joining of the people with the soldiers because they are called
and have the awareness and spirit of nationalism towards their country which
will make the war a universal people's war. People who join the military
voluntarily, shoulder to shoulder with the soldiers will make a very heroic
battle.
Based on
the experience of war history that has ever existed, this universal people's
war usually lasts for years and in its implementation it is carried out with
"hit and run" tactics and is full of enthusiasm, never gives up and
is willing to sacrifice so that this war is commonly referred to as a guerrilla
war. This is done because the enemy they face is always superior in technology,
while the people and the military who carry out guerrilla warfare usually fight
traditionally (Welianto, 2020).
According
to existing data, wars involving the people have occurred abroad such as the
Napoleonic war (S. Anwar, 2021), the war in China, the
war in Vietnam (S. Anwar, 2021) and what has happened in
Indonesia such as the Diponegoro war, the Aceh war, the Padri war (Welianti, 2021) and the independence war
during the general attack on March 1, 1949 in Yogyakarta (Primadia, 2016). This war involves the
people on the basis of the awareness of each individual to go to war, this
shows that the people's involvement in the struggle is very effective in
destroying their enemies. It was all done just wanting to be independent and
live freely in determining their own destiny. The sacrifices that were given
were also not insignificant for this struggle, be it life and also property.
From the
wars that occurred above, the author will examine the wars that have occurred
abroad involving national resources in carrying out universal warfare with one
of the wars that have occurred in Indonesia. This study will also be linked to
the philosophy of defense science which can be viewed from the requirements of
a science, including ontology, which is the object of defense science, which is
a state behavior to maintain national defense and develop it continuously, then
epistemologically, namely defense science is obtained through researches.
scientifically and axiologically, namely the science of defense which forms the
basis for the development of a country's defense.
METHOD
This study
is a type of research by collecting data and information through the help of
various materials found in literature (books) or also known as phenomological
research types. This type of research is a study aimed at describing the
history of war that occurred in China and Vietnam and in Indonesia in
mobilizing the people to fight together in order to achieve the desired goals,
namely gaining independence and will be analyzed in terms of philosophy in the form
of Ontology, Epistemology and Axiology. Events, social activities, attitudes,
beliefs, perceptions, thoughts of individuals or groups. to describe phenomena
in war that involve national resources in carrying out universal wars in China,
Vietnam and in Indonesia.
In depth,
this study uses literature study associated with phenomonological qualitative
descriptive. With literature study, empirical findings can be described in
detail, more clearly and more accurately, especially various matters related to
universal war. For this reason, through this paper, it is hoped that literature
study can help research in thinking and imagining, abstractly.
As
previously stated, the strategy used in this qualitative research is
phenomenology. According to (Creswell, 2010)
phenomenology
was chosen because in it the researcher will identify a particular phenomenon,
and requires researchers to study the subject by being directly involved in
developing meaningful patterns and relationships (Lebo & Anwar, 2021).
In the
context of the research that will be studied, the main focus of this research
is to carry out data search through literature studies on the history of war
that mobilized its people that have occurred in China and Vietnam as well as in
Indonesia, then we will look for the similarities (Synthesize), the
inequalities (Contrast), provide a view (Criticize), compare (Compare) and
summarize (Summarize) the history of the war so that data can be obtained that
can be used as input in realizing national defense related to the universal war
strategy. Meanwhile, the research location is the place where the research will
be carried out.
Determining the
research location is a very important stage in qualitative research, making it
easier for writers to conduct research. This location can be in a certain area
or a certain institution in society. To obtain secondary data, the research
location is based on data obtained through books, journals and other electronic
media.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A.
Causes of War
War
is an event that has been going on for a very long time, because since the
establishment of human civilization on Earth, wars have been created and they
are as old as human civilization on this earth. This war was born because of
the interaction between humans themselves. War is an event that will color the
history of human life and civilization on this earth. The onset of war usually
occurs because of the many interests between the two parties who do not want to
budge.
According
to experts, war occurs for several reasons, including:
1.
Psychological Causes
Saying
that war is a kind of behavior of the many human behavior in this world.
Because war is "behavior", the causes of war can be seen from several
different approaches, namely: (ILMPI, 2016)
a. Motivational
Approach. The source of the causes of war is within humans themselves.
According to (Freud, 1970), war
occurs because of an aggressive, destructive urge in humans. This impulse comes
from Thanatos (instinct to die) whose presence has existed since humans were
born. This impulse arises because humans have lost their sense of love (Lost of
Love).
b.
Reinforsemen Approach. This approach is viewed from the
cost-benefit approach. According to Albert Bandura, acts of aggression are
carried out by people because these actions result in "rewards". When
viewed from a "cost-benefit" approach, wars arise because people
expect "profit" from the wars they carry out. Looking at history, it
seems that there are many things that support the profit and loss approach. For
example, the European war in colonizing Indonesia, aimed to take advantage of
Indonesia's natural resources, which were solely due to economic factors.
c.
Cognitive Approach. The cognitive process that
is often discussed in relation to international conflicts is the process of
misperception in response to international situations.
d.
Social Structure Approach. The social
structure approach is attached to problems that exist in society as a source of
conflict, violence, or war. The existence of strata in social life and state
life can be a source of contention, if the strata are a source of injustice
2.
Cultural and Ideological Causes
The
ideological cause is the ideological competition between the United States and
the Soviet Union over the influence of other countries. The Cold War between
the Soviet Union and the United States was a war caused by differences in the
ideologies of capitalism against communism. However, unlike the two world wars,
the Cold War did not involve military attacks (Harlis, 2015).
The
Catholic-Protestant Crusades or the Hindu-Muslim wars are examples of wars
caused by differences in value systems.
3.
Economic Causes
There
are many opinions about wars caused by economic reasons. These opinions
include, first, that the war was carried out with the intention of increasing
the standard of living of the people, the second was that the wars occurred
because of obstacles in trade, the third wars arose because of the urge to get
high profits from the sale of equipment. war.
4.
Political Causes
Wars
occur in the absence of effective government institutions. In other words, a war arises because of anarchy, which
is a condition in which individuals or groups of individuals try to live
without an effective government. This situation causes the absence of
cooperation or uncertainty to act among the elements in society (national and
international) and ultimately leads to war.
B.
History of the Universe War Abroad
In
several war incidents that occurred abroad, it was found that the people
participated in supporting the struggle for their nation with full awareness
and responsibility to obtain the independence of their country from the hands
of colonialism.
As
for wars that involve the people in supporting wars that take place abroad,
among others: (S. Anwar, 2021)
1.
Civil War in China, 1927-1949
In
the early 19th century, China was still ruled by an empire led by a foreign
dynasty called the Manchu dynasty which had been in power for approximately 200
years.
In
the following year 1925 Dr. Sun Yat Sen died and was replaced by Chiang Kai Sek
who did not like the communists and tried to get rid of the communists from the
Koumintang because he thought that the communists could endanger the unity of
the country and send them back Borodin and General Blucher to the USSR This
triggered conflict between the communists and the nationalists.
In
1927 Mao Zedong was elected leader of the Chinese Communist party and through
the Red Army under the leadership of Zhou Enlai and Zhu De held a power
struggle in Nanchang which the Kuomintang managed to thwart.
Mao
Zedong's strategy of universal war began with the Long March from Kiangsi to
Yenan on October 16, 1934. The Chinese Communist Party's insufficient weaponry
made Mao Zedong carry out the Long March and devised a strategy to overthrow
the Chinese Nationalist Party.
The
aim of the Long March was to avoid Chiang Kai Sek's attack, test the mental of
Communist cadres, get closer to the Soviet Union, and spread Communist ideology
to the villages. Mao Zedong, who realized that he could not attack Chiang Kai
Sek at that time, decided to avoid and set up Communist defense bases in
several villages that were passed through the Long March.
The
Long March had a profound impact on the development of the Chinese Communist
Party. With the support of the peasants and workers, Mao Zedong carried out a
village strategy of besieging the city to attack Chiang Kai Sek. Mao Zedong
used his propaganda to win sympathy from the rural people. With the support of
the village, Mao Zedong took control of several villages first, only then did
he attack Chiang Kai Sek's power bases located in the big cities. On October
20, 1935, the CCP's long guerrilla parade ended. Only 4,000 troops survived
until the end of the journey.
With
the control of several important cities in China paved the way for the Chinese
Communist Party to further expand its movement and defeat Chiang Kai Sek. The
success of the Long March and the villages surrounding the city made Mao Zedong
recognized as the communist supreme leader and made him the leader of the
People's Republic of China.
After
World War II ended and Japan surrendered, the struggle between the Nationalists
and the communists returned to seize power in China.
Chiang
Kai Shek himself was worried about the Red Army controlling vast rural areas so
he asked the United States for help to solve his problems in China.
In
1945 US President Truman attempted to avert civil war in China by sending
General George Marshall to act as intermediary between the Nationalist
Government and the Chinese Communist Party.
But
after Marshall's death the fighting between the Nationalist Government and the
Chinese Communist Party resumed on an even wider scale.
In
1947 the Nationalist Government succeeded in wresting the city of Yanan from
the Communists. Although at first they were pressed, the situation immediately
turned around when the Communists implemented land reform policies.
The
Civil War in China continued afterward, but victory in the end sided with Mao.
The Chinese Communist Party has prevailed until now.
2.
Vietnam War 1944 - 1975
This
war is the second Indochina war, taking place between North Vietnam and South
Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China and other
communist allies; South Vietnam is supported by the US, South Korea, the
Philippines, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies.
This
war lasted for 19 years and involved the United States until 1973, this war
occurred after the cold war and was considered a proxy war.
Vietnam
has a lot of experience in fighting, because before the second Indochina war,
they had fought with France assisted by the United States since 1887. When the
war was going on, Vietnam had used guerrilla warfare tactics.
When
the second Indochina war took place, the then supreme commander of the
Vietnamese military forces, Vo Nguyen Giap, said that the US was superior to
its troops, but they did not understand their own strengths and weaknesses.
In
carrying out the struggle against the United States, North Vietnam and the
Vietcong were guided by the book "Ho Chi Minh and the origins of the
Vietnamese doctrine of guerrilla tactics" by Edward C. O'Dowd which
revealed that Ho Chi Minh, who had joined in a guerrilla warfare school in
Henyang, China in 1938, wrote the pamphlet Cach Danh Du Kich (Guerrilla
Tactics) circa 1941 which served as a guide for leaders of Vietnam's Communist
guerrilla dataset (1941-1944) and the first cadres of the Vietnam People's Army
(Nuralam, 2020).
North
Vietnam along with the Vietcong defeated the United States by adopting the Mao
model of guerrilla warfare with the ultimate goal of destroying opponents. It
is said that the Mao model used by North Vietnam divides the war into three
phases, and this is also known as the Dau Tranh Strategy. Dau Tranh is a tactic
of using "people as an instrument of war", encompassing the
organization, mobilization and motivation of people.
The
aim of this strategy is to seize power by paralyzing society in special ways,
namely assassination, propaganda and guerrilla warfare combined with conventional
military operations.
Summarized
from the BBC, North Vietnam also used PEG (Peasants, Enemy, Guerilla) acronym
tactics against the US (Jaya Iswara, 2020).
If
it is explained about the tactics of the PEG acronym, it is as follows that the
Vietcong Army supported by North Vietnam often helps Peasants (farmers) and
also behaves well towards farmers and sometimes goes down to the fields to help
the farmers. This was all done to the farmers because Vietcong needed food,
protection and a place to hide.
America
(enemy) is considered to come and take the land and rice fields of the
peasants, they will disturb the lives of the peasants. They also said that
South Vietnam is a supporter of the United States, they are dolls made in
America and they do not care about the welfare of the people. The peasants in
the doctrine or given the understanding by the Vietcong that America was a
colonizer equal to France, but America had more modern weapons and had a lot of
money.
And
the third is the guerrilla strategy carried out by utilizing the resources
owned, both natural and population. The Vietcong has troops besides farmers,
there are porters, construction workers, soldiers, and there are Vietcong
agents who have been infiltrated to work at US Army bases and South Vietnam.
Weapons also use spiked bamboo, mines, grenades and bullets and use nature to
create traps that are unpredictable and extremely deadly. The Vietcong also had
tunnels to escape into the forest and their units were so small that if caught
they could not be tortured to extract information about other soldiers.
All
of the above strategies are carried out neatly, full of enthusiasm and combined
with hatred for the enemy because their country has been colonized for a very
long time.
C.
The History of the
Internal Universe War
The
guerrilla war that occurred in Indonesia existed during the first Dutch
military aggression on July 21, 1947. At that time the Dutch deployed 3
Divisions in Java and 3 Brigades in Sumatra. Guerrilla operations at that time
were carried out from the hills in Dutch-controlled areas. This operation
occupied parts of Java and Sumatra.
Furthermore,
on December 14, 1948, the Dutch troops in Indonesia, especially in Java, again
launched military aggression II with the code name Operation Kraai. The
military attack was designed by the Chief of Staff of the Dutch Army in
Indonesia, namely General Simon Spoor. The result of this second military
aggression succeeded in controlling Yogyakarta city.
This
military attack as an effort to paralyze the ongoing Indonesian resistance,
started when the Linggarjati Agreement was held at the Merdeka Palace in
Jakarta on December 15, 1946. Then it was followed by a peace agreement over
the USS Renville.
Operation
Kraai, which was carried out by the Dutch military on the islands of Java and
Sumatra, had the aim of crippling and destroying the morale of the Indonesian
military and capturing the nation's leaders. Yogyakarta as the capital of the
country which is also the headquarters of the People's Security Army (TKR) was
the main target of the attack. The attack that occurred used an operation that
was fast and difficult to be calculated by the Indonesian army. This operation
was known as a blitzkrieg, which was an attack in a lightning tempo by
minimizing casualties on the attacker.
From
the TNI side, the Dutch military aggression II aroused the fighting spirit of
the fighters at that time. Responding to the Dutch attack, a Strategy Order was
issued with the aim of making the BKR troops counterattack through guerrillas.
General Sudirman also asked the President, Vice President and Staff to
immediately leave the capital city of Yogyakarta, but the proposal was rejected
(Turner, 2017).
The
troops, which originally moved to Central Java as a result of the contents of
the Renville agreement, which reads: "TNI withdrew from the Dutch (West
Java and East Java) controlled areas. then resurrected because the second Dutch
military aggression returned to wingate (infiltrate the enemy line). Like the
Siliwangi troops who began carrying out the Long March from the Central Java
region to the guerrilla enclaves that had previously been prepared in West
Java. The guerrilla journey that is carried out requires good physical strength
because they have to pass through rivers, mountains, valleys tirelessly in
order to achieve the goal of being independent apart from the hands of the
invaders.
Outside
the city, TNI troops then formed defense pockets called Wehrkreise. After the
TNI troops succeeded in consolidating with troops in the regions, which then
carried out guerrillas against the Dutch. The main target of the attack of the
Indonesian troops was by cutting the Dutch telephone lines, destroying the
railroad tracks, sudden attacks on the convoys of Dutch troops.
The
attacks from the Indonesian troops which had begun to be organized began to
overwhelm the Dutch military. The guerrilla attacks that were carried out had
the aim of dividing the concentration of the Dutch military which ultimately
concentrated strength on small posts to connect with each other because the
means of communication had been damaged by guerrilla forces. This turned the
post area into a broad battlefield and benefited the guerrilla forces, because
they had more control over natural conditions and conditions.
The
role of villages and sub-districts in supporting guerrilla warfare, such as:
Borogunung village, Banjarsari sub-district, Kulonprogo, where it is remote and
safe. Empowered to repair broken weapons and make weapons in people's homes.
Residents here prepare shelters, supplies and are even ready to carry weapons (E. Anwar, 2021).
Kelurahan
Banjarsari was formed by village guerrillas and their apparatus. The village
accommodates refugees, regulates civil defense, supplies and information so
that it is able to support guerrilla warfare, the village also forms a village
fence, to maintain security, assist the village's social duties and become a
courier.
This
sub-district is also used as a place for the Indonesian National Police Chief
and the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia so that it is safe to
carry out their duties.
The
kelurahan coordinated food aid to the large number of refugees and supported
TNI members passing through the area.
The
village was made the headquarters, important letters were sent with the help of
couriers who were accompanied by the TNI.
The
village youth also helped the TNI a lot besides taking up arms, they also
managed to catch spies a lot and then reported them and then were executed (Legi & Argomulyo, n.d.)
D.
Universal War Viewed from Philosophy
When
studying some of the history of wars, both those that took place abroad and
inside the country, related to guerrilla warfare and involving the community in
achieving the goal of achieving independence, several differences were found.
The struggles that occur by carrying out guerrilla warfare, such as those in
China, Vietnam and Indonesia, have many differences, both in objectives,
targets and in implementation in the field. Although the methods of fighting
against each enemy were carried out in a different pattern in guerrilla, the
results obtained were the same, namely gaining independence together.
As
for the review of philosophy, there are 3 scientific requirements, namely
Ontology, Epistemonology and Axiology.
1.
Ontology
The
ontology of the guerrilla warfare carried out by Mao Zedong in China, Vo Nguyen
Giap in Vietnam and General Sudirman in Indonesia is indeed true, carried out
because it has a weak power compared to the invading or attacking countries.
These figures carry out guerrillas with the support of the people, so that the
people voluntarily, work together to support their soldiers and even many take
part in wars. Each figure has their own ways of carrying out guerrilla warfare
which have received support from the community such as Mao Zedong carrying out
the Long March to the villages by carrying out protracted wars, propaganda and
building forces there and helping the poor.
Vo
Nguyen Giap carried out a guerrilla war with the support of the Vietcong in
South Vietnam, which had jointly attacked 100 cities, bases and the United
States Embassy in Saigon. North Vietnam divided the war into three phases, and
this is also known as the Dau Tranh Strategy. Dau Tranh is a tactic of using
"people as an instrument of war", encompassing the organization,
mobilization and motivation of people. North Vietnam also used PEG (Peasants,
Enemy, Guerilla) acronym tactics against the US.
General
Sudirman in carrying out universal war with A.H Nasution formed pockets of
resistance in the villages, so that the TNI, which was carrying out the Long
March, could join these pockets to plan an attack. In addition, the role of
remote villages and sub-districts was empowered in supporting warfare, starting
from preparing plans, preparing supplies, repairing weapons, making weapons,
accommodating refugees, caring for the injured and also using the village hall
as an office.
2.
Epistemology
The
epistemology of guerrilla warfare involving the people by Mao Zedong began when
Mao Zedong wrote a Journal in 1919 about "The Great Union of the Popular
Masses". It sold more than 5 million copies. It invites the peasants,
workers, students, women, teachers, police and pedicab drivers to unite to
overthrow the autocracy and capitalist oppression. Mao Zedong, at Peking
University (1919) participating in the fourth May movement, was disillusioned
by Western liberalism. Mao Zedong later became a member of the Chinese
Communist Party (CCP) founded by Dazhao and Duxiu in 1921.
Mao
at that time chose to gather strength and establish a CCP base in Hunan
Province, his hometown. Mao, from 1927 to 1934 organized guerrilla units,
mostly consisting of peasants, to defend their bases in rural areas against the
forces of General Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Party (Kuomintang).
Vo
Nguyen Giap in carrying out guerrilla warfare which received support from the
people, especially peasants experienced in previous wars against France since
1887. In addition, Vo Nguyen Giap is guided by the book "Ho Chi Minh and
the origins of the Vietnamese doctrine of guerrilla tactics" which made by
Edward C. O'Dowd who revealed that Ho Chi Minh, who had joined a guerrilla
warfare school in Henyang, China in 1938. North Vietnam divided the war into
three phases, and this is also known as the Dau Tranh Strategy, where people as
a means of war which consists of the organization, mobilization and motivation
of the people, as well as the use of PEG tactics (Peasants, Enemy, Guerilla).
General
Sudirman who carried out guerrilla warfare involving the people was the result
of the thoughts of General A.H Nasution in his book Pokok-Pokok Gerilya
(Fundamentals of Guerrilla Warfare). Guerrilla warfare is carried out secretly,
with high mobility and carrying out sabotage and isolation against enemy forces
(Nugroho, 2019).
This made it difficult for the Dutch to face the TNI because they attacked
quickly, then disappeared or "Hit and Run".
Another
strategy is to create guerrilla pockets by taking advantage of the role of
villages and sub-districts together with their citizens in supporting all war
needs and accommodating refugees.
3.
Axiology
Lessons
that can be taken from the guerrilla warfare carried out by Mao Zedong, Vo
Nguyen Giap and Jendeal Sudirman All in a universal war must have an unbalanced
power with the enemy, so that to strengthen the army we both get support from
the people. However, the aims of the universal war and the means to get support
and sympathy from the people are different as follows:
Mao
Zedong drew people's sympathy by conducting propaganda in the villages and also
distributing land to poor farmers. This made the people interested and
supported the struggle of Mao Zedong, who often helped the poor people compared
to Chiang Kai Sek who cared little for the people and many corrupt officials.
Mao Zedong also implemented people's war or protracted war.
The
war in China occurred because of political differences and power struggles
between the Nationalist Party and the Chinese Communist Party. The Nationalist
Party used a strategy of asking for support from the United States and also the
Soviet Union, while the Communist Party used a village strategy of besieging
the city, creating defenses in the villages with the support of peasants and
workers as well as spreading their communist views.
Vo
Nguyen Giap received support and sympathy from the people by learning about Mao
Zedong's strategy. It was Mao Zedong who inspired Vo Nguyen Giap to wage a
protracted people's war, a concept of resistance to a larger foreign army using
all the people's resources and carrying out a three-stage strategy, covering
the organization, mobilization and motivation of the people.
This
war occurred because of differences in ideology, North Vietnam adopted communist
ideology, which was supported by Russia and China, while South Vietnam was
supported by the United States and Western countries, especially France which
adhered to Liberalism.
This
war in Vietnam was a proxy war, because it involved a third party who took part
in the battle and involved two major powers.
General
Sudirman carried out a guerrilla war and received direct support from the
people without being forced. This is all because of the sense of nationalism
that came from within the Indonesian people who were tired of being colonized, so
that their lives were brave enough to be sacrificed. The people are always
willing to have their territory, houses and land used by the TNI as a base for
consolidation and hiding in preparing strategic plans for the next guerrilla
attack.
Apart
from setting up pockets of defense in the villages, Colonel T.B Simatupang,
deputy chief of staff of the Armed Forces, proposed to balance the Netherlands
with "Emarttung Strategie" (Discovery strategy). This means that the
Republic of Indonesia maximizes the people, avoids destruction and takes
advantage of the terrain and weather factors. In this way the TNI and the
people would gradually tire and weaken the enemy, and this strategy was
successful, because the position of the Netherlands was weakening. It was not
enough for a year that the Dutch had invited the Republic of Indonesia to
negotiate in a Round Table Conference in Denhaag.
The
biggest attack was carried out in Yogyakarta on March 1, 1949, involving all
military forces and the people so that the city of Yogyakarta could be
controlled for 6 hours and this proved to the international community that the
Indonesian Army was still there.
CONCLUSION
A universal
war that occurs because of occupation, and is carried out by a country that is
weaker than the attacking. The causes of this war range from politics,
ideology, economics and psychology.
The Maoist
military strategy is a protracted people's war. the basic concept behind the
People's War was to maintain population support and draw enemies deep into the
countryside (expanding their supply lines) where the population would bleed
their blood dry through a mixture of mobile warfare and guerrilla warfare.
Vo Nguyen
Giap also implements a protracted war strategy, using all the people's
resources and carrying out a three-stage strategy, including the organization,
mobilization and motivation of the people.
General
Sudirman implemented universal warfare by mobilizing the people and
establishing defense pockets for headquarters, consolidating, planning,
accommodating refugees, and caring for the sick and also implementing an
outreach strategy by maximizing the people, avoiding destruction and taking
advantage of terrain and weather factors.
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