INTRODUCTION
Hoaks or fake news is currently a serious concern because
it has a negative impact due to information that is not ascertained the truth. Hoaks is interpreted as misguided or false information that
is deliberately disguised to look right.
While hoax news is information that looks like factual
news but turns out to be false, defamatory, and has no identifiable pattern (TAMMAM, 2018).
The year 2019 which is a political year, fake news or hoaks are back in the spotlight, even fairly horrendous
elections 2019, including hoaks related to seven
containers of ballots in the Port of Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta that has been thrown for the spouse of
Joko Widodo - Ma'ruf Amin. This hoaks
is as exciting as ratna sarumpaet's
lie drama at the end of 2018. The spread of false news took place massively,
even some figures expressed concern over the events experienced by Ratna Sarumpaet. All information
is circulated in the mass media and disseminated by social media with various
calculations. This issue is then linked to the political situation that certain
parties want to impede Ratna Sarumpaet's
career as a political activist (Golose, 2019). Other hoaks that are not
less excited during the 2019 election period, among others: President Jokowi
called the descendants of the PKI, Palace Advisors of members of the Communist
Party of China, Jokowi called the Chinese with the nickname Wie Jo Koh, and KPU
briefed Chinese immigrants to mencoblos in tps. Hoaks also targeted Capres Prabowo Subianto regarding
family issues that were not harmonious and failed to educate children as a
result of the divorce with Titiek Soehartro.
Contesting the 2019 presidential election is a repeat
of the previous presidential election, but the friction that occurred is
sharper and harder. This friction is believed to be the effect of polarization
that was formed since the 2014 presidential election and continues with the
2017 DKI Jakarta regional elections. Polarization is evident from the rise of
black campaigns attacking each candidate. The campaign that was supposed to be
a place to convey the vision and mission and excellence of the candidate's
spouse turned into a campaign with hate speech and fake news or hoaxes (Utami, 2018). The results of cyber patrols conducted by the Ministry
of Communication and Informatics. In 2018, there were 733 hoax content
identified, verified and validated by the Kemkominfo
AIS (Automatic Identification System) Team. However, entering the 2019
political year, hoax content increased sharply to 3,801. The drastic increase
in the amount of hoax content occurred from February to May, along with the
2019 elections. Similarly, in 2020, until the first semester the number of hoaks content has reached 1,855. The number of hoaks content increased again in March, along with the
emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia (Beranda - PPID Kominfo, n.d.)
Figure 1.1 Hoax Content Findings
The dynamics of election 2019 is
not only a rivalry between election participants of both political parties as
well as 2 pairs of presidential and vice presidential candidates. The 2019
elections contain insecurity and threats that can disrupt security stability,
can even potentially damage the joints of national and state life, as well as
become a threat to the sustainability of democracy. Rapim TNI – Polri which
took place on January 29, 2019 mapped a number of insecurity elections 2029,
including: elections are driven by agendas that are contrary to Pancasila, as
well as the practice of identity politics and sara politics that can divide
society. Lies are disseminated massively and systematically by applying
firehose propaganda patterns of falsehood (Golose,
2019).
The development of social media
technology and smartphones is one of the causes of the outbreak of hoaxes. Many
public channels are facilitated by both, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram
on social media. While on smartphones there are WhatsApp (WA) and Telegram
groups. Especially when there is momentum where society is polarized such as
during elections, hoaks rampant to deceive, incite, and disseminate rumors and
slander (Heryanto, 2018). Based on a survey conducted by the Indonesian
Anti-Defamation Society (Mafindo), flatform facebook ranked at the top of the
spread of hoaks with a percentage of 47.83%, followed by Twitter 12.17%,
whatsapp 11.74%, and youtube 7.83% (Jurnal Bawaslu DKI Jakarta, December 2018).
The Indonesian Anti-Defamation Society (Mafindo) considers the increasing
number of political-related hoaxes to potentially affect the quality of
elections because it not only undermines the common sense of potential voters,
but also legitimizes the process of organizing elections, and worse can damage
harmony that leads to the disintegration of the nation (Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika,
n.d.).
Is the hoaks circulating trusted
by the public? The National Survey of Indonesian Political Indicators on
December 16-26, 2018 and released on January 8, 2019 said that out of 1,220
respondents only 30% were aware of the allegations of Jokowi's Christian
parents and 18% believed the issue. While related to Jokowi's accusations of
ethnic Chinese, 34% of respondents know and 23% believe about the issue.
Previous research conducted (Juditha,
2018) with the title Interaction of
Hoaks Communication on Social Media and Anticipation in Pekommas Journal
concluded that those who produce hoaks related to politics are parties who do
not like the Jokowi government. Messages
that are exchanged between users (senders and recipients) are hoaks messages in
the form of news, information or images that are replaced narrative or image
captions do not match the original. Other research conducted by Hunt Allcott
and (Allcott
& Gentzkow, 2017) under the title Social Media and
Fake News in the 2016 Election in the Journal of Economic Perspektive concluded
one false article was as persuasive as a single television campaign ad. In this
study, fake news called fake news was widely used when presidential candidate
Donald Trump competed with Hillary Clinton. The use of hoaxes or fake news also
occurred in the Brazilian Presidential Election by elected president Jair
Bolsonaro (Golose,
2019).
The tendency of fake news to
target Jokowi personally and his government does not stop at the 2019
elections. In 2020, in addition to the issue of handling the Covid-19 pandemic
by the government, hoaks are also rampant related to the enactment of the
Omnibus Law Ciptakerja law by the House of Representatives, last October 5. A
wave of protests against the law is rife in various regions of Indonesia due to
disinformation received by the community. The rallies that led to the riots on
October 8, 2020, led to police arresting 8 (eight) members of the Indonesian
Rescue Action Coalition (KAMI) with various initial allegations, one of which
was spreading fake news or hoaxes to provoke the public (Pratomo,
2019).
Although the KAMI Movement was
only declared on August 18, 2020, but the figures who joined this movement are
old figures who have been known to be opposed to the Jokowi Government. Hoaks
indicated information (Triartanto,
2015) which is thrown out by US
figures, is also not the first to occur in the case of rejection of the Omnibus
Law Ciptakerja. In Hersubeno Point Youtube channel 21 September 2020, Presidium
KAMI who is also a former TNI Commander, General Purn.Gatot Nurmantyo claimed
his party sniffed out the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) Gaya Baru since
2008. Gatot's claim was also posted on The People's Fortress Youtube channel on
September 22, 2020, Gatot spoke the reason for his dismissal as Commander of
the TNI before his term ended because it obliged his members to watch the film
G 30 S / PKI, pointing pki was behind the Bill of Direction of Ideology
Pancasila, the regulation driven by PDI Perjuangan. Gatot Nurmantyo's issues
still bear similarities to hoaks content during the 2014 and 2019 elections.
Hoaks
Concept
According to (Apandi, 2017), hoaks are fake or fake news that is used to deceive or
trick readers or listeners into believing in information. Hoaks
are not only news or opinions, but also include data, photos, and images. In
the context of cyber media, hoaks are defined as text
used as fake news or fraudulent attempts to spread through cyber media to readers
to trust everything (Triartanto, 2015: 33). More than just deceit, hoaxes can also bring
people into conflict and are even (rarely) used for personal gain. Did (Rochimah, WAN
KADIR, & Abdullah, 2011), ada tujuh jenis informasi
hoaks, yakni fake news or
fake news, clickbait or trap links, confirmation bias or confirmation bias,
misinformation, satire, post-truth or post-truth, and propaganda.
Based on the positive law applicable in Indonesia,
spreading false news even if it is just a joke or forward violates article 28
paragraph (1) of the Information and Electronic Transactions Act with the
threat of a criminal penalty of six years in prison and a fine of one billion
rupiah.
Social Media Concept
Information technology is evolving rapidly and
very quickly in all life lines, one that has a big influence is social media.
Social media is used as a means of making friends and disseminating opinions,
news or information. Social media is an online media with its users can easily
participate, share, and create content including blogs, social networks, wikis,
forums and virtual worlds. However, in the development of social media is often
misused to spread opinions, news, or information containing lies (hoaks), defamation, hate speech, to threats (Pratama 4 Etika yang Harus Dijaga
Saat Menyebarkan Informasi di Media Sosial, n.d.). The impact on the reported
individual is a decrease in credibility and a loss of social trust (Utami, 2018). While in society triggers disputes and social disquisitivity, even threatens the disintegration of the nation
due to the issue of SARA (Monohevita, 2017).
In (Kietzmann,
Hermkens, McCarthy, & Silvestre, 2011) explained about sharing and relationships as part
of the seven social media functions used by the sender of messages in social
media. According (Kaplan &
Haenlein, 2010)S in artikel Horizons Bisnis (Talbert et al.,
2012) published in 2010 there are six types of social
media, including content such as youtube and social
networking sites such as facebook.
The Concept of Firehose of Falsehood
Firehose of falsehood is a political propaganda
that utilizes the science of communication based on neuroscience and big data
to create fear through the preaching of lies by the media and produced
massively with the aim of encouraging the public to choose and win the candidates
they support. The most important thing is not the truth of information, but how
news is mass produced and disseminated as much as possible in order to burn the
emotions of the masses. As a result, even incorrect information is eventually
accepted by the public as a truth. News attacks cause confusion and generate
fear in the community. Obvious lies or lies are expressed and planned to
generate fear. (Clearwater,
Burnell, & Azwar, 2012).
Teori Delegitimasi
(Van Dijk, 1998) states that delegitimization at the level of
discourse is carried out when repressive and coercive devices are ineffective
in marginalizing alternative discourse. Delegitimization strategies can be done
in several ways. First, delegitimization is carried out with a focus on the
context of production, access and use of discourse. Second, delegitimization is
practiced with the focus of negative elements of a discourse, the suppression
of violations of common values, or negative descriptions of certain parties.
Third, delegitimization can be placed on the issue of possible effects of
discourse (Fazio, 2020)
METHOD
This study uses qualitative approach method that aims
to determine and search, collect, process and analyze the data of research
results. Qualitative approach is felt more precisely in this study because it
produces descriptive data. Speech or writing and behavior can be observed from
subjects studied and cannot be represented by statistical figures. The method
of data collection is done by observing the video text posted on youtube social media channel containing the statements of Gatot Nurmantyo and the KAMI
Movement in the period September – October 2020. While the method of data
analysis is done by analyzing the content or content.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
Gatot Nurmantyo's
issues on Hersubeno Point Youtube
channel, September 21, 2020 and Benteng Rakyat,
September 22, 2020 fall into the propaganda category. In the channel, the key
word that emerged was the rise of the PKI. Gatot Nurmantyo's allegations are based on several reasons
including, since 2008 history lessons about G 30 S / PKI were eliminated at all
levels of education in Indonesia, the weakening in TNI - Polri
institutions, natural resources targeted by foreigners and hip bill that he
considered a manisfesto PKI figure, DN Aidit in 1963 ago. On that basis as the Commander of the
TNI at that time, Gatot ordered his ranks to rewatch the film G 30 S / PKI and now he joined the KAMI
Movement to defend Pancasila.
On both Youtube channels, Gatot Nurmantyo's statement received support from netizens. The
post by Hersubeno Point Youtube
channel has been watched by 40,683 people and got 14 thousand likes. While
unlike only 54 people. Similarly, the post by The People's Fortress Youtube channel has been watched by 50,863 people with
33,000 likes and only 65 likes. As for the comments on the Hersubeno
Point Youtube channel there are 468 comments and on
the Youtube channel Fort Rakyat there are 732
comments. From our observations of these comments, 95 percent support gatot Nurmantyo's claim. From
this, it can be seen that the issue echoed by Gatot
related to the rise of the PKI was able to stir the feelings of the person who
tattooed the video so that it received positive attention.
CONCLUSION
Fake news can be
accepted by the public not only because of limited information, but because of
the flood of information overload triggered by the advancement of information
technology. This fake news is accepted by the public by sharing on social
media, one of which is Facebook.
One method of
spreading lies carried out massively and systematically is firehose of
falsehood. Where this method aims to pollute the information environment to
influence existing information for policymakers or influence them through
democratic pressure to erode trust in government institutions and the media by
spouting and multiplying false narratives.
To fight the
firehose of falsehood, synergy between stakeholders, both information sources
and the public as recipients of information, as well as mass media and internet
service providers as a forum to convey information to the public with various
strengthening strategies through public education related to media literacy,
counter narrative and counter-hoax, cyber patrols, and strengthening
legislation.
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